12.1
This Austrian monk is often called the "Father of Genetics", and was famous for working with ordinary garden peas.
Gregor Mendel
The gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing this diagram.
A Punnett square
What do we call a Punnett square that shows the outcomes of two different traits?
A dihybrid cross
How many copies of each gene does an organism inherit from its parents?
One copy from each of its parents
What did Thomas Morgan discover actually assorted independently? (Chromosomes or individual genes)
Chromosomes
What is the process of sperm and egg cells joining together during sexual reproduction?
Fertilization
This pair of words is used to describe a set of alleles and mean "different" and "same".
Heterozygous and homozygous
True or false: you can have the genes to be 6'5 but only be 6'1 because of environmental factors.
True
This term refers to an organism that contains TWO sets of homologous chromosomes.
Diploid
Bonus: what do we call an organism with only one set?
This process that happens during prophase I can produce new combinations of alleles.
Crossing over
List the correct order of generations that Mendel studied. (Hint: there are three different generations)
P (parental), F1 (first filial), F2 (second filial)
What is the difference between phenotypes and genotypes?
Phenotype - physical description
Genotype - genetic make-up
This type of inheritance occurs when one gene is not completely dominant over another, essentially creating a third phenotype.
Incomplete dominance
Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half, what do we call the two divisions?
Meiosis I and meiosis II
The likelihood that crossing over will occur between two chromosomes is determined by what?
How far apart they are (recombination frequency)
Inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next. What do we call the factors that determine traits?
Genes
Two F1 plants that are homozygous for shortness are crossed. What percentage of the offspring will be tall?
0%
All will be short
In this type of inheritance, both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
Codominance
This is the process when homologous chromosomes form tetrads in meiosis I and exchange portions of their chromatids.
Crossing over (contributes to genetic variation)
This type of map shows the relative locations of each known gene of a chromosome.
Gene map
A homozygous dominant pea plant was cross-bred with a homozygous recessive pea plant. What were the phenotypes of the resulting offspring? (Hint: green is recessive to yellow)
All yellow. Bonus: what were the genotypes of these offspring?
This law states that different traits are inherited separately from one another. This means that the way one gene is passed down does not affect how another gene is passed down.
The law of Independent Assortment
When you have genes that are controlled by more than two alleles, it is called this. Remember one individual may only have two alleles, but there can be more possible alleles in a population.
Multiple alleles
For 500 points each, name three differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis only has one division, whereas meiosis has two divisions.
Mitosis produce four diploid cells, and meiosis produces four haploid cells.
Mitosis ends with genetically identical cells, and meiosis ends with genetically different cells.
If two genes are far apart from each other, is crossing over more or less likely to occur between them?