A
Which antibody type is found in mother’s milk in a dimeric form?
IgA
What do plasma cells release?
Antibodies
Which antibody isotype is the most abundant in blood, and can cross the placenta, and is a key activator of complement?
IgG
What T cell population does HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, destroy?
CD4 cells
What is the amount of antibody present in the blood?
Antibody titer
Which MHC protein/s do Antigen presenting cells (APCs) have on their surface?
Both MHC I & MHC II Proteins
What is the process in which activated B and T cells undergo multiple rounds of cell division to proliferate (increase their population)?
Clonal expansion
Which T cells are CD8+ and CD4+?
T Cytotoxic cells = CD8+
T Helper cells = CD4+
Contracting an infection that triggers a patient’s immune system to make memory cells and antibodies that confer long term protection describes which type of immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
What type of diseases are thought to be linked to self-tolerance errors?
Autoimmune disease
What cells have MHC I proteins and what cells have MHC II proteins?
MHC I – Nucleated body cells
MHC II – Antigen-presenting cells
What are the three subclasses of T helper cells?
T helper 1 cells
T helper 2 cells
T regulatory cells
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Made them (active) or got them from another source
Antigens listed from most immunogenic to least immunogen are
Proteins --> Polysaccharides --> Lipids --> Haptens
What is the function of T helper cells?
Release cytokines that can stimulate or suppress other white blood cells
What is an epitope (antigenic determinant)?
Also called antigenic determinants; parts or features of an antigen that B and T cells recognize
What are three main antibody functions?
Neutralize antigens
Activate complement
Increase Phagocytosis
What is isotype switching?
A process that enables a given B cell to alter what class (subtype) of antibody it makes
What is convalescent plasma?
Plasma from a person with a protective antibody titer against the infectious agent
What is the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity?
Natural process such as an infection or via a human (artificial) intervention like vaccines
What is a hapten?
Incomplete antigens that are unable to stimulate an immune response (not immunogenic) unless they are linked to a more complex protein or polysaccharide
What is antigen?
Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response
How does graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occur?
If donor and recipient’s MHCs are not closely matched and the developing B and T cells in transplanted bone marrow mount an immune response against their new host
1. What is the function of a proteosome?
2. What kind of enzymes do they contain?
1. Barrel-shaped cell component consisting of enzymes called proteases that break down proteins; sometimes referred to as “protein garbage disposals” because they break down proteins that have been tagged for destruction
2. Proteases
What is the importance of immunological memory?
Function of our memory cells that allows for a rapid reactivation of the cellular and humoral adaptive response if the same antigen is encountered again later; memory responses are so rapid and effective that we frequently will not even experience disease symptoms while our bodies eliminate the pathogen.