12.1 Changes in Children’s Thinking
Which of the following illustrates seriation?
a.The ability to place sticks in order according to size.
b.The ability to understand that hidden objects still exist.
c. The ability to understand that flattening a ball of clay does not change its mass.
d. The ability to understand another person’s point of view
The ability to place sticks in order according to size.
Karla is shown pictures of three daisies and four roses. She is asked whether there are more roses or flowers. She correctly answers, “Flowers.” Being able to focus on classes and subclasses simultaneously is an example of
a. linear thinking.
b. class inclusion.
c. abstract logic.
d.animism.
b. class inclusion.
Which of the following is NOT an accurate characterization of how children’s language changes in middle childhood?
a. Vocabulary increases from around 14,000 to around 40,000 words.
b. Children start using advanced conjunctions such as “unless” and “meanwhile.”
c. Children start to understand that words can have more than one meaning.
d. Children start to understand metaphors.
e. Children are still unable to form sentences in the passive voice.
e. Children are still unable to form sentences in the passive voice.
Intelligence
a. is something you either have or do not have.
b. is the same as achievement.
c. can be accurately measured with traditional intelligence tests.
d. cannot be seen, touched, or physically measured.
d. cannot be seen, touched, or physically measured.
In general, assistive technologies for children with special needs are designed to help ____
a. provide a more stimulating learning environment.
b. manage and compensate for specific deficits.
c. improve test performance by providing a more controlled environment.
d. enable remote learning at home.
e. provide entertainment and distraction
b. manage and compensate for specific deficits.
Which of the following abilities is NOT a hallmark of the concrete-operational stage, according to Piaget?
a. Selective attention
b. Seriation
c. Understanding of reversibility and conservation.
d. Difficulty with abstraction
e. Ability to decenter
a. Selective attention
Seven-year-old Chloe has just picked up the concept of fractions with apparent ease. Her father thinks that she has a talent for math and wants to teach her algebra next. From Vygotsky’s perspective, why might this plan be ill-advised?
a. Chloe’s father is not able to provide adequate scaffolding for her.
b. Chloe’s father is not a math teacher and therefore is not qualified to teach her.
c. Algebra can be taught only through assisted discovery.
d. Algebra is impossible for a seven-year-old.
e. Algebra is probably not in Chloe’s zone of proximal development.
e. Algebra is probably not in Chloe’s zone of proximal development.
In middle childhood, children continue to develop the ability to reflect on language and its use, which we call _______
a. metacognition.
b. superlinguistic awareness.
c. metalinguistic awareness.
d. language sensitivity.
e. phonemic awareness.
c. metalinguistic awareness.
Dr. Garza believes that her daughter has above-average visual-spatial abilities and average linguistic-verbal abilities. From this, we would guess that Dr. Garza’s view of intelligence is most closely aligned with that of _____
a. Sternberg.
b. Carroll.
c. Gardner.
d. Spearman.
e. Piaget.
c. Gardner.
Concrete-operational children can seriate in two dimensions at once (decentration) (e.g., size and color)
True or False
True
Nine-year-old Ahmed and his five-year-old brother Imran watch as a researcher pours orange juice from a tall glass into a large but shallow glass bowl. When asked if the bowl contains more, less, or the same amount of orange juice as the glass did, Ahmed answers that the amounts are the same while his younger brother answers that the bowl holds less. This demonstrates that Ahmed understands the concept of _________, while his brother does not.
a. transitivity
b. reversibility
c. conservation of liquid quantity
d. seriation
e. object permanence
c. conservation of liquid quantity
Researchers believe that children’s development of selective attention may have to do with __________
a. the prefrontal and parietal areas of the brain.
b. the body’s hormonal system.
c. the occipital lobe.
d. language-processing ability.
e. memory-processing ability.
a. the prefrontal and parietal areas of the brain.
In Kumiko’s first-grade class, the teacher encourages the students to learn sight words and to guess the meaning of words that they cannot read based on the context. A researcher would say that Kumiko’s teacher uses a(n) _______ approach to teaching reading.
a. whole-language
b. contextual language
c. phonics
d. trial and error
e. pragmatic
a. whole-language
Which of the following is an example of “bodily-kinesthetic” intelligence?
a. Being good at math
b. Having a keen awareness of one’s internal self
c. Being a professional basketball player or dancer
d.Having “street smarts”
c. Being a professional basketball player or dancer
Knowledge of principles makes them realize that if stick A is longer than stick B and stick B is longer than stick C, then stick A will also be longer than stick C, after putting stick C in place they do not need to double-check to make sure it will be shorter than stick A because they already know it is.
a. Reversability
b. Decentration
c. Conservation
d.Transitivity
d.Transitivity
Selective attention refers to the ability to
a. consider all information that is available.
b. focus on unimportant details.
c. Keep all information out of memory.
d. focus on elements of a problem and find solutions.
d. focus on elements of a problem and find solutions.
Following a recent trip to the local science museum, 9-year-old Emilia was able to remember many more details (day and time, location, items seen, etc.) than her 5-year-old brother Jayden. What is the mostly likely the reason for this difference?
a. Girls tend to have better long-term memories than boys.
b. Emilia is more inquisitive and curious than her brother.
c. Emilia has a more developed working memory than her brother.
d. Emilia has more knowledge and memory strategies than her brother.
e. Emilia is more interested in science than her brother.
d. Emilia has more knowledge and memory strategies than her brother.
What is the best approach to teaching English to children of immigrants (i.e., English Language Learners)?
a. It depends on various factors, including the quality of instruction and characteristics of the teachers and children.
b. An immersion (English-only) approach is best in both early and middle childhood.
c. A dual-language approach is best in both early and middle childhood.
d. An immersion approach is best in early childhood, while a dual-language approach is best in middle childhood.
e. A combination of immersion and dual-language approaches is best.
a. It depends on various factors, including the quality of instruction and characteristics of the teachers and children.
11-year-old Cole does not do particularly well in school or athletics and is not particularly articulate for his age. However, he has a successful YouTube channel dealing with Legos that has many subscribers. This is an example of _____.
a. high intrapersonal intelligence as theorized by Gardner.
b. high crystallized intelligence as theorized by Carroll.
c. high general intelligence as theorized by Spearman.
d. successful intelligence as theorized by Sternberg.
e. an exception to past theories of intelligence.
d. successful intelligence as theorized by Sternberg.
Understanding the relationship among numbers, adding 2 and 3= 5, it is reversible that a child can subtract 2 from 5 to get 3 and flexibility bc child can subtract 3 from 5 to get 2, a child understands operations can be carried out according to the rules.
This is an example of
a. Reversibility
b. Decentration
c. Conservation
d.Transitivity
a. Reversibility
Children in the concrete-operational stage do not typically understand that 1/3 is smaller than 1/2 when this information is written on paper. However, when they see a cookie divided into 2 or 3 pieces, they can see that 1/3 is smaller than 1/2. This difference might because due to the fact that children in the concrete-operational stage
a. cannot think logically.
b. have difficulty with abstraction.
c. do not understand conservation.
d. do not understand numbers.
e. do not yet understand seriation.
b. have difficulty with abstraction.
Which of the following might be a sign that a child (8-year-old) has issues with working memory?
a. difficulty recalling names of relatives.
b. difficulty with addition and subtraction.
c. difficulty following multi-step instructions.
d. trouble concentrating for more than 5 minutes.
e. difficulty remembering to do chores every day.
c. difficulty following multi-step instructions.
According to the Carroll’s three-stratum theory of intelligence, an individual’s intelligence is determined by _____
a. primarily by mid-level cognitive abilities such as cognitive speediness and retrieval fluency.
b. the combination of general intelligence, mid-level cognitive abilities, and low-level intelligence factors.
c. the combination of eight different intelligences such as visual-spatial and bodily-kinesthetic.
d. an overarching general intelligence that governs all other intelligence.
e. the combination of mid-level and lower-level cognitive abilities that make up general intelligence
b. the combination of general intelligence, mid-level cognitive abilities, and low-level intelligence factors.
Most experts believe that intelligence is determined ____
a. primarily by an individual’s genetics.
b. primarily by an individual’s culture.
c. primarily by an individual’s home environment.
d. by a combination of genetics and environment.
e. by a combination of culture and school environment
d. by a combination of genetics and environment.
Decentration: can focus on multiple parts of a problem at once
True or False
True