Discovery of DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Mutations
Structure of DNA
100
Molecules that consist of a single piece of DNA- human cell has 46 of them.
What are chromosomes?
100
This enzyme unzips the double helix.
What is DNA helicase?
100
Name for 
What is the central dogma (of molecular biology)?
Or What is gene expression? (technically that does not include replication though)
100
The product of translation
What is a protein? (or an amino acid chain)
100
Various forms of a gene that are the result of mutation.
What are alleles?
100
The 2 components of the backbone of a DNA strand.
What are phosphates and deoxyribose?
200
They showed genes are made of DNA in bacteria.
Who are Avery McLeod and McCarty?
200
This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments.
What is DNA ligase?
200
The sequence needed for RNa Polymerase to bind to a gene and begin transcription.
What is a promoter (or TATA box specifically for a eukaryotic gene)?
200
This is enzyme that carries out translation.
What is a ribosome?
200
A base substitution that changes one amino acid in the encoded polypeptide.
What is a missense mutation?
200
The type of bonds between a base pair
What are Hydrogen bonds?
300
These people are credited with discovering the shape of DNA
Who are Watson and Crick?
300
This enzyme joins nucleotides and follows base pairing rules to make the complementary DNA strand.
What is DNA polymerase?
300
The molecule produced during transcription.
What is RNA?
300
This RNA type carries the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
What is tRNA (transfer RNA)?
300
A mutation that changes many amino acids.
What is a frameshift mutation (deletion, insertion)?
300
The name for the rules: A pairs with T or U, G pairs with C
What are complementarity or base-pairing rules?
400
They used density gradient centrifugation and a heavy nitrogen isotope to show DNA rrplication is semiconservative.
Who are Meselson and Stahl?
400
The property of replication (proposed by Watson and Crick, then demonstrated by Meselson and Stahl) where each new DNA has one original strand paired to a newly-made strand.
What is semiconservative?
400
This enzyme joins RNA bases to make an RNA complementary to the DNA template.
What is RNA polymerase?
400
The name for the 3 base sequence that specifies the first amino acid in a protein - most always AUG.
What is 'a start codon'?
400
The term for conditions or chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations.
What are mutagens?
400
The term for the fact that the backbones of the DNA strands in a double helix run in opposite 5'-> 3' directions.
What is antiparallel?
500
Reported that for any DNA, %G+C= % A+T, %G=%C and %A=%T
Who is Chargaff?
500
Where DNA replication is occurring, the term for the strand that replicates in one continuous strand, and the term for the strand that is replicated discontinuously in a series of short fragments.
What are the leading (continous) and lagging (discontinuous) strands?
500
The strand of the gene that is used as the pattern for transcription.
What is the coding strand?
500
UAA, UAG, or UGA, any sequence that causes translation to end.
What are stop codons?
500
The type of mutation that converts a codon that stood for an amino acid into a stop codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
500
The name for the covalent bonds that join nucleotides into a polynucleotide strand (found in the backbone of the strand).
What are phosphodiester bonds?
600
They performed the "blender experiment" showing DNA (genes) not protein, enters bacteria when a virus infects the cell.
Who are Hershey and Chase?
600
There is one of these Y shaped structures at each end of the replication bubble.
What is a replication fork?
600
The sequence that signals the enzyme to stop transcription.
What is a terminator?
600
The number of codons in the genetic code
What is 64?
600
In addition to errors during replication, another type of event that can lead to mutations
What is damage to DNA?
600
The general terms for the larger nucleic acid bases (A and G), and the term for the smaller bases (C, T, U).
What are purines (larger, As and Gs) and pyrimidines (smaller, C, T and U)?
700
Franklin and Wilkins used X-ray diffraction results to discover DNA has this basic shape (expanded on by Watson and Crick).
What is a helix?
700
The sequence needed for replication of a molecule of DNA to start
What is an origin of replication (Origin, or Ori for short)?
700
Post transcriptional modifications: Terms for the long string of bases added to the 3' end of a eukaryotic RNA, and the modified G added to the 5' end of a eukaryotic pre mRNA.
What are the poly A tail and the 5' "cap"?
700
The genetic code is considered degenerate or redundant because multiple __________ can be associated with the same ____________________
What is multiple codons and the same amino acid?
700
The repetive sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes- they get shorter with each cell division.
What are telomeres?
800
The name for the enzyme that adds protective structures to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. It is inappropriately activated in many cancer cells.
What is telomerase?
800
The term for noncoding sequences removed from a eukaryotic pre-mRNA by the ribozymes in "sNRNP"s.
What are introns?
800
In order, the 3 sites on the ribosome all the tRNAs after the first one move through
What are the A, then P, then E sites?
900
The enzyme that builds short RNA fragments for DNA Polymerase to add deoxyribonucleotides to during replication.
What is primase?
900
The location where transcription occurs in a eukaryotic cell.
What is the nucleus?
900
The name for the 3 bases on a tRNA that base pair with part of an mRNA
What is the anti-codon?