Changing the DNA Code, Part 1
True or False: All mutations are harmful.
What is False?
True or False: New alleles are introduced into populations when mutations or polymorphisms occur.
What is True?
Spontaneous mutations are usually the result of this.
What is an error in DNA replication?
Yes or No: Does a point mutation cause a shift in the reading frame of a gene?
What is No?
A type of frameshift mutation where DNA bases are missing:
What is a deletion?
Most individuals with sickle-cell anemia (SCA) have a 1 base-pair change in the Beta-globin gene. Therefore, the protein product in individuals with SCA is __ _____ _____ (the # and a type of molecule that's differs)
What is 1 amino acid?
If an error occurs prior to this process, all of the cells of the offspring will carry the mutation.
What is meiosis?
Areas of the human genome that are more likely to incur a spontaneous mutation are referred to as mutational "____ _____"
What is hot spots?
What is 1?
A type of frameshift mutation where extra bases are present in a gene:
What is an insertion?
Because a mutation involves the changing of the DNA sequence in a person's cells, it will change a person's _______ (and may change their phenotype, too).
What is genotype?
Sickle-cell anemia and Beta-thalassemia both involve mutations in the same (Beta-globin) gene and are therefore referred to as ________ diseases.
What is allelic?
What is they consist of highly repetitive sequences?
A point mutation (base substitution) that is only evident at the DNA and RNA levels (not the protein) is called this:
What is a silent mutation?
Which type of mutation-- Point mutation or Frameshift-generally has a more profound effect/causes more change to the protein product of a gene:
What is a frameshift mutation?
If a mutation occurs within a gene, a different ____ may be produced in the cells of an individual with that mutation.
What is protein (polypeptide)?
What is mitosis?
Any chemical or physical agent that can induce a mutation is called this:
What is a mutagen?
A point mutation (base substitution) that results in a premature stop codon-- and therefore a shortened protein product-- is called this type of mutation:
What is a nonsense mutation?
Our cells have various enzymes that function in repairing spontaneous and induced mutations. But if someone is born with a mutation that results in one of these enzymes not working correctly, they are usually at a significantly higher risk for this:
What is cancer?
A "harmless variant"-- a change in the DNA sequence seen in at least 1% of the population that is not associated with disease is called this:
If a mutation occurs in this type of cell, it can be passed down to the next generation:
What is a germ-line cell (germ cell/gamete)?
A highly mutagenic agent is carcinogenic to humans, which means that exposure to it increases your risk of:
What is cancer?
A point mutation that results in a protein with 1 amino acid different from the "normal" protein (such as the difference seen in the Beta-globin protein in SCA patients) is called this type of mutation:
What is a missense mutation?
One type of insertion mutation involves the "expansion" of repeat sequences in a gene. Too many repeats and the protein's function is altered. Most of these repeat expansions involve this # of nucleotides in a gene:
What is 3 (trinucleotide repeat)?