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Building on Theory
Language
Teaching & Learning
100
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
What is Concrete operational thought
100
A child who is learning English as a second language.
What is English language learner (ELL)
100
A U.S. law passed by Congress in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring standardized tests to measure school achievement. Many critics, especially teachers, say the law undercuts learning and fail to take local needs into consideration.
What is No Child Left Behind Act
200
the logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.
What is Identity
200
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (majority) language that a child is learning.
What is Total immersion
200
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."
What is National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
300
the logical principle that a thing that has been changed can sometimes be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which ti was changed.
What is Reversibility
300
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
What is Bilingual education
300
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth- graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, scores are not always comparable, because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
What is TIMSS (Trends in Math and Science Study)
400
the component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed.
What is Sensory memory
400
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are paced together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
What is ESL (English as a second language)
400
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations.
What is Phonics Approach
500
"thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
What is Metacognition
500
Replacing their original language with English rather than becoming fluent in both languages.
What is Language shift
500
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
What is Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)