X-ray Interactions
What is attenuation?
What is the reduction in # of X-ray photons in the beam, and subsequent loss of energy, as the beam passes through matter.
What is exposure?
Scatter production is produced during what interaction?
What is the interrelationship of the prime factors?
What is (mas)2(kVp)2/d2
What is penumbra?
Penumbra is a geometric unsharpness around the periphery of the image, also known as edge unsharpness?
What are the 2 types of coherent scattering and what do they involve?
What is Thomson scattering involving a single electron and Rayleigh scattering involving all of the electrons of the atom?
This is the estimated percentage of radiation exposure the general public receives from diagnostic radiographic examinations?
What is 15%?
What are the principal factors that affect the amount of scatter?
What is kilovoltage and irradiated material (the patient)?
What is the Compton effect formula?
What is Ei=Es+Eb+Eke
What accessory are most collimators equipped with?
What is a positive beam limitation (PBL)?
What are the 3 basic rules that govern the possibility of a photoelectric interaction?
2. A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur when the X-ray photon energy and the electron binding energy are nearer to one another.
3. A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur w/ an electron that is more tightly bound in its orbit.
What are the 3 major types of gonad shielding?
What is the amount of scatter created during an interaction is affected by what factors?
What is volume and the atomic number of the material being irradiated?
What is the formula for photoelectric absorption?
What is E1=Eb+Eke?
What is ESE?
what is the area where the maximum exposure where the patient receives lies?
What is photodisintegration?
What is an interaction between an extremely high-energy photon, above approx. 10 MeV, and the nucleus?
What is the effect of grid ratio on patient dose?
What is using an unnecessarily high grid ratio increases patient dose because mAs or kVp must be raised to maintain exposure, while a lower grid ratio helps minimize dose?
What does the top shutter of a collimator reduce?
mR1/mR2=SOD2/SID2
Why do electrons farther from the nucleus have greater kinetic energy?
What is because electrons farther from the nucleus are not as tightly bound, requiring less energy to remove from their orbit and therefore possess greater total energy?
The probability of a photoelectric interaction increases dramatically as the atomic number rises. What is the mathematical relationship that describes how strongly it increases?
What is approximately proportional to the 3rd power of the atomic number?
What is an increase in the number of pulses from a generator?
What is this change in the generator reduces patient ESE by decreasing the proportion of low-energy photons produced by the X-ray tube?
What is the use of the collimator that results in added filtration approx. equiv. to 1 mm of al.?
What is the mR/mAs for 100 kVp?
What is 5.6?
What is the limit set by the FDA for fluoroscopy entrance exposure?
What is 10 cGy/min, or 11.5 R/min?