Genetic Basics
This term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a trait.
What is homozygous?
A heterozygous parent has this type of allele combination.
What is one dominant and one recessive allele?
A change in DNA that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is a silent mutation?
The process where DNA is used as a template to make mRNA.
What is transcription?
The shape of DNA is described as this type of structure.
What is a double helix?
A homozygous dominant organism crossed with a heterozygous one will never produce this type of offspring.
What is a homozygous recessive offspring?
The number of genetically different gametes a parent with the genotype AaBb can produce.
What is 4?
A single base change in DNA that results in the replacement of one amino acid.
What is a point mutation?
The molecule responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
What is tRNA?
The base in RNA that replaces thymine (T) found in DNA.
What is uracil?
This genetic disorder results from the inability to metabolize phenylalanine and is inherited in a recessive pattern.
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
To determine the number of genetically different gametes a parent can produce, you use this mathematical operation.
What is raising 2 to the power of the number of heterozygous genes?
A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons, altering all amino acids after it.
What is a frameshift mutation?
The three stages of translation.
What are initiation, elongation, and termination?
This process occurs when a ribosome reads mRNA to assemble a protein.
What is translation?
If both parents are carriers for a recessive disorder, this is the percentage chance that their child will inherit the disorder.
What is 25%?
If two heterozygous parents are crossed, this is the probability that their offspring will also be heterozygous.
What is 50%?
If a mutation replaces a codon with UAG, UAA, or UGA, this process will stop.
What is translation?
The central dogma of gene expression states that genetic information flows in this direction.
What is DNA → RNA → Protein?
The molecule that serves as a temporary copy of DNA and directs protein synthesis.
What is mRNA?
This term describes the physical expression of an organism's genetic makeup.
What is a phenotype?
If a parent’s genotype is AaBBCCDdEe, this many genetically different gametes can be produced.
What is 8?
The three sites in the ribosome where tRNA molecules function.
What are the A, P, and E sites?
The location where mRNA migrates after being transcribed in the nucleus.
What is the cytoplasm?
The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?