Fill in the blanks
____________ is the study of disease development
Pathology
Identify three methods to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
Methods to prevent HAIs include:
What is a fomite? Give an example .
A non-living object that transmits pathogens, like a doorknob.
Define epidemiology.
The study of disease occurrence, distribution, and determinants in populations.
What is a compromised host?
An individual with weakened defenses, such as an immunocompromised patient.
________ refers to the dose of a pathogen needed to infect 50% of a host population.
ID50
A 5-year-old child develops a red rash and fever after exposure to another child with measles.
Transmission: Droplet.
Herd immunity prevents the spread by reducing the pool of susceptible individuals.
Name three modes of disease transmission.
Direct contact, indirect contact (fomites), and droplet transmission.
What is herd immunity?
Resistance to the spread of a disease within a population due to a high proportion of immune individuals.
Name one cause of emerging infectious diseases.
Pathogen mutation, such as influenza antigenic shift.
__________ is an example of a mechanical vector that carries pathogens on its body
Fly or mosquito
Explain the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins, including their mechanisms and sources.
Exotoxins are secreted proteins targeting specific cells (e.g., tetanus toxin).
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides released from Gram-negative bacteria upon cell death.
What is droplet transmission?
The spread of pathogens through respiratory droplets, such as from coughing.
What is a notifiable disease?
A disease that must be reported to public health authorities, such as tuberculosis.
Give an example of an emerging infectious disease.
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.
A _______ harbors and transmits a pathogen without showing symptoms
Carrier
Discuss three reasons for the emergence of new infectious diseases, providing an example for each reason.
Emerging diseases reasons:
What is the primary reservoir of Salmonella?
Animals, particularly poultry and reptiles.
What is morbidity?
The incidence of disease in a population.
What is one way catheter-associated infections occur?
Bacteria enter the urinary tract via the catheter.
The lipopolysaccharide layer is a source of ________ in Gram negative bacteria.
Endotoxins
Describe the stages of a disease, from incubation to convalescence.
Stages:
What is a biological vector?
A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transmits a pathogen.
What is the role of the CDC?
To monitor and prevent disease outbreaks, provide guidelines, and promote health.
What is an A-B exotoxin?
A two-part toxin where the "A" part causes damage and the "B" part binds to the host cell.