DNA
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA?
mRNA
What process converts mRNA to protein?
Translation
What proteins bind DNA to control transcription?
Transcription factors
What type of mutation changes one nucleotide?
Point mutation
What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What is the three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA called?
Anticodon
What is the start codon sequence?
AUG
In prokaryotes, what controls gene clusters?
Operon
Which mutation stops protein synthesis?
Nonsense mutation
What shape is DNA’s structure?
Double helix
Which RNA type forms ribosomes?
rRNA
What cell structure assembles proteins?
Ribosome
What DNA region helps increase gene expression?
Enhancer
Which type of mutation can alter reading frame?
Frameshift mutation
What part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
What base does RNA have instead of thymine?
Uracil
What amino acid does tRNA deliver at AUG?
Methionine
What enzyme does lactose inactivate in the lac operon?
Repressor
What rearranges genes between chromosomes?
Translocation
Which enzyme adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
Which bonds form between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
How might a mutation in a promoter region affect gene expression, and what potential impact could this have on an organism? (Hint: there are 3 possibilities)
It could increase, decrease, or prevent gene expression, potentially disrupting normal cell function or leading to disease
How could a frameshift mutation in the early part of a gene differ in impact from a frameshift near the end of the gene?
An early frameshift likely disrupts the entire protein, while a late frameshift might only affect part of it.