genetic engineering
What is genetic engineering?
direct modification of a genome with the intent to modify phenotype
What is SNP?
DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide differs between members of biological species
What are the 2 types of cloning?
replication & reproduction
What is the purpose of DNA polymerase?
reads existing DNA strands to create new ones
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA formed artificially and contains parts from 2 or more organisms; reproduced when cells divide
What is a transgenic?
organism that receives new DNA
Why are SNPs important?
essential for medical researchers and making personalized medicine
Why do we clone DNA?
- a particular gene can be isolated to determine its nucleotide sequence
- protein, enzyme, and RNA functions can be investigated
- mutations and their related genes can be identified
- organisms can be engineered for specific purposed like insulin production
Why are PCRs important?
they allow scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA
What are of restriction enzymes?
enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific points (scissors)
What is the purpose of reverse transcriptase?
copies the sequence of DNA
What can a single SNP cause?
Mendelian disease
Explain the difference between duplication and replication.
Duplication: amount of DNA inside the nucleus is doubled
Replication: DNA is copied to produce 2 identical strands
Why is Taq polymerase used for PCR?
It is resistant to change in heat
What is DNA ligase?
enzymes that join cut ends of DNA molecules (glue)
What 2 vectors are needed to implant new DNA into the DNA that you want to use?
plasmid and virus
How many SNPs are in the human genome?
about 10 million
Name the main steps of DNA cloning.
1. Isolate plasmid DNA and DNA containing gene of interest.
2. Insert gene into a plasmid.
3. Insert plasmid into bacterial cell.
4. Cells are cloned with gene of interest.
5. Identify desired clone.
What can PCR be used for?
- testing for diseases
- studying isolated genes
Name an example of recombinant DNA technology.
- rhInsulin
- recombinant human growth hormone
- recombinant activase (dissolve blockages in blood vessels)
Name an example of genetic engineering.
- rainbow papaya
- arctic apple
- enviropig
-web-spinning goats
How often do SNPs occur?
1 in every 300 nucleotide base pairs
Name the main steps of gene cloning.
1. Obtain gene of interest from a genomic library.
2. Ligate gene into a plasmid vector.
3. Insert plasmid into bacteria to make multiple gene copies.
4. Test for correct insertion of gene into plasmid.
5. Use plasmid to transform plant cells.
6. Regenerate transformed cells into full grown plants.
What are the steps of PCR?
1. Heat the DNA so it unzips.
2. Add complementary nitrogenous bases.
3. Allow DNA to cool so strands zip together.
What is the difference between recombinant DNA and crossover?
Recombination: combining genes from 2 or more organisms
Crossing over: exchanging segments of chromosomes between homologous chromosomes