Vocab
DNA is copied and repaired
What is DNA Replication?
A viruses that can infect bacteria
What is a bacteriophage/phage?
Which Nucleotide bases pair with each other?
What is A (Adenine) with T (Thymine) or U (Uracil) and G (Guanine) with C (Cytosine)?
*Nucleotides are made of phosphate ground, a sugar (deoxyribose), and a base*
What is the origin of replication (the Y shaped area at the end of a bubble is call the replication fork)?
Determining the actual order and type of bases in DNA
What is DNA sequencing
A change in a cells genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
What is Transformation?
The surprise discovery made by Fredrick Griffith during his experiment with mice
What is heat killed Pathogenic DNA but in a healthy cell will kill the mouse?
What is the difference between Purines and Pyrimidines?
What are A and G are purines (they have one six carbon circle and one five carbon circle), T/U and C are pyrimidines (they only have one six carbon circle)?
The enzymes that untwist the DNA double helix during replication
Steps of the Sanger Technique
What are:
1. Original DNA is denatured so there is only 1 strand
2. Multiple copies of the strands are made
3. A primer is attached
4. Add the strands to a tube with polymerase, fluorescent dye, and all 4 nucleotide bases (facilitates new dyed strand growth)
5. Denature new chain and present information
Semiconservative vs Conservative models
What are semiconservative states that during replication each daughter strand keeps half of the parent and conservative states that parents are paired with parents and dispersives are paired with dispersives?
Three anatomic parts of a phage
What are the head, tail sheath, and tail fiber?
The most influential people that worked with early DNA technology
Who are Rosalind Franklin (she took the first picture of DNA using X-ray cystallography) and Watson/Crick (they used Franklin's photos to determine DNA double helical structure)
The proteins that bind and stabilize one strand of DNA
What are single stranded binding proteins?
Short fragments of DNA that are sequenced discontinuously
What are Okazaki Fragments
Location of DNA in bacteria vs eukaryotes
What is in eukaryotes DNA is linear and in chromatin and in bacteria DNA is supercoiled and in nucleoid?
The Hershey/Chase experiments proved this about DNA and proteins
What is that DNA is the unit of heredity not proteins (this was done by injecting both radioactively tagged versions of both into a healthy cell)?
The two things stated by Charagaffs Rules
1. The base composition of DNA varries between species
2. The number of A with T/U equals the number of G with C
The enzymatic catalyst that starts elongation at the replication fork
What is DNA Polymerase (usually needs a primer as well)?
What is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? Undergoes a cycle of denaturation, priming, and extension. Each round doubles the amount of DNA
Two types of correction done by Polymerase
What are:
1. Mismatch Repair- mutations are corrected based on an error in the nucleotide bases
2. Nucleotide Excision Repair- (done by a nuclease) errors are cut and replaced
Six steps in a phage life cycle
What are:
1. Absorption
2. Penetration ;)
3. Duplication
4. New Virons
5. Maturation
6. Lysis
Three features of DNA structure
What are:
1. A sugar/phosphate back bone with nucleotide bases
2. An antiparallel structure (one side = 5' to 3' the other = 3' to 5')
3. Hydrogen bonds holding each side together (2 between A and T/U and 3 between G and C)
Which enzymes facilitate the joining of strands after replication and prevent overtwisting?
What is DNA ligase joins the strands and topoisomerase corrects "overwinding" by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining the strands?
What is CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Insterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)?
*watch video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8zRNHBijYY&ab_channel=ScientificAmerican *