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Vocab
Chapter 17
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
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100
What is the study of immunity which refers to the capacity to recognize and defend against infectious agents and other foreign substances?
Immunology
100
Immunologists refer to normal host substances as self and foreign substances as what?
Nonself
100
What are the three sewage treatments?
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary treatments
100
Name three methods of food preservation. (There are Seven)
Canning, Refrigeration, Freezing, Lyophilization, Drying, Ionizing Radiation, and the use of Chemical Additives.
100
What is our air composed of? (There are Three main Elements)
78% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen, 1% Argon
200
What is the solid portion of milk resulting from bacterial enzyme addition?
Curd
200
B cells are activated by what?
An antigen
200
What is the microorganism that is mainly used as an indicator of fecal matter or pollution in water?
Escherichia coli
200
What is it about clams that make them especially likely sources of human infection?
They are filter feeders, obtaining food by filtering water and extracting microbes.
200
Spices contain a large number of what?
A large number of microorganisms
300
What is the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia accomplished by certain free-living aerobes and anaerobes but mostly by rhizobium?
Nitrogen Fixation
300
What group(s) of people are more prone to infectious diseases? (There are Four)
Children, Elderely, Immune Compromised, and Pregnant women.
300
Name one microoragnism that can be added to milk to make a cultured dairy product. (There are Four possible answers!)
Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Leuconostoc citrovorum, Lactobacillus bulharicus
300
Beer is made from what type of grains?
Malted
300
What type of cells, kill infected host cells and kill other cells by making a lethal protein and firing it at target cells?
Tc cells and NK cells
400
What is the nutrient enrichment of water from detergents, fertilizers, and animal manures, which causes overgrowth of algae and subsequent depletion of oxygen?
Eutrophication
400
What is the difference between adaptive and innate immunity?
Innate is inherent, genetically encoded, and requires no work or alteration on the part of the organism. Adaptive involves action on the part of the organism that is not directly related to genetics and usually the production of antibodies.
400
Why do foods that are high in sugar concentration resist microbial contamination?
High sugar concentrations create osmotic pressure that inhibits microbial growth.
400
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
Ionizing radiation is stronger. It penetrates all the way through the material, and will kill most of the microbes present. Non-ionizing radiation is relatively weak, useful only for surface treatment.
400
What method of food preservation allows you to store onions for 3 months, keep refrigerated strawberries fresh for 3 weeks, and virtually eliminates Salmonella from poultry?
Irradiation
500
What does lyophilization do?
It freeze dries as a means of preserving cultures
500
What is the role of activated macrophages?
They help stimulate antimicrobial processes so that the macrophages can kill the pathogens.
500
What is the most common microbiological contaminant of air?
Spores from Mold
500
What is the most common microbiological contaminant of air? a. spores from bacteria b. spores from molds c. fungal hyphae d. gram-positive bacteria e. gram-negative bacteria
b. spores from molds
500
What type of reactors are used in many types of industrial fermentation plants?
Continuous Reactors