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100
He advocated a policy of free trade and minimal government interference in the economy.
Who is Adam Smith?
100
This new artistic style emerged in the 1730s; highly secular, emphasized grace and gentle action, rejected strict geometrical patterns.
What is rococo?
100
To the philosophes, this was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and superstition. It meant informed thinking about social problems.
What is reason?
100
Thought of God as a cosmic watchmaker who created the universe and then let it run according to immutable natural laws.
What is deism?
100
German philosopher; defined the Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity." Proclaimed the motto "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence."
Who is Immanuel Kent?
200
He championed religious toleration. He often ended his letters with the passionate demand to "erases l'infame" ("crush the infamous thing"). This ringing exclamation remainder his readers to continue the battle against the enemies of reason- bigotry, ignorance, and religious fanaticism.
Who is Voltaire?
200
This style continued to maintain strong appeal in the 18th century, especially in France. Artists wished to recapture the simplicity of ancient Greece and Rome.
What is neoclassicism?
200
The philosophes believed that this regulates both the universe and human society.
What is natural laws?
200
A new religious movement known as this stressed faith, emotion, and "the religion of the heart."
What is pietism?
200
An attack on mercantilism, the author promoted free trade, believed that labor was the true wealth of a nation, and believed that the state should not interfere in economic matters.
What is The Wealth of Nations?
300
He was a French philosophe who became the chief editor of he encyclopedia. His goal was to bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, mathematics, art, and government.
Who is Denis Diderot?
300
Gatherings of Enlightenment thinkers to discuss and exchange ideas that were not welcome in the royal court
What is a salon and coffeehouse?
300
Philosophes had little interest in the medieval belief that people should accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter. Philosophes believed that this in this world was an inalienable right.
What is happiness?
300
The belief that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows that economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand.
What is laissez-faire?
300
Written by an English female writer, the "founder" of European feminism. She pointed out the contradictions in the views of women held by Enlightenment thinkers: the subjugation of women is wrong as the power slave owners or monarchs held, and if reason is innate in all humans, then women have reason and are entitled to the same rights as men.
What is Vindication of the Rights of Women?
400
His treatise, The Spirit of Laws, represented an attempt to create a "social science" by applying the methods of the natural sciences to the study of government.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
400
Classical composer; child prodigy who wrote his first opera at 12. A prolific composer, wrote some of the world's greatest operas.
Who is Mozart?
400
The philosophes believed that intellectual freedom was a natural right. Without freedom of expression there could be no progress. They lived in societies that placed restrictions on speech, religion, and trade. They wanted to remove these limitations on human this.
What is liberty?
400
The looting and massacre of Jewish communities; made Jewish population dependent on the favor of local rulers.
What are pogroms?
400
A doubtful or questioning attitude, especially relating to religion.
What is skepticism.
500
His concept of general will and sovereignty of the people influenced leaders of both the French and American revolutions.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
500
One of the greatest architects of the 18th century; of the Rococo style. His work included German churches and palaces.
Who is Balthasar Neumann?
500
The philosophes advocated full religious this
What is toleration?
500
Whatever is best for the community; liberty is achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people.
What is general will?
500
Written by a Scottish philosopher, argued that observation and reflection allowed a "science of man" (social science).
What is David Hume's Treatise on Human Nature?