Philosophers
This English thinker took issue with the idea of the divine right of kings
Who was John Locke?
Some wealthy and educated women in France hosted social gatherings called these
What are salons?
This American colonist turned founding father is responsible for authoring the vast majority of the Declaration of Independence
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
In 1791, Toussaint L'Ouverture joined rebelling African slaves in this French Caribbean colony
What is Haiti?
This idea includes entitlements to life, liberty, and property
What are natural rights?
French philosophers began applying the scientific method to these; income inequality and expansion of individual rights are two examples
What are social problems?
The roots of the Enlightenment come from experiments and using this, another word for thinking
What is reason?
Catherine the Great of Russia was influenced by the Enlightenment, and almost abolished this, that is until their revolt threatened her rule
What was serfdom?
Father Miguel Hidalgo, after ringing the church bells in the village of Dolores, issued a call for rebellion against Spain, beginning the war of independence for which Latin American country?
What is Mexico?
The artistic movement in the early 1800s that stressed emotion, freedom, and nature
What is romanticism?
Over the course of his life, Voltaire wrote hundreds of essays, plays, and other works; in many of them he spoke out against superstitions and this, discrimination based on one's faith
What is religious intolerance?
The Enlightenment was responsible for inspiring the American Revolution and also the revolution in this European country
What is France?
In 1793, Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre and his supporters began this "scary" period of French history
What was the Reign of Terror?
Who were the Greeks?
The name of the Paris prison seized by a revolutionary mob on July 14, 1789
What was the Bastille?
Philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau opposed granting these, because he believed that all people were created equal
What are titles of nobility?
Like absolute monarchs, these rulers had unlimited power over their subjects, but did try to introduce Enlightenment reforms
Who were enlightened despots?
Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck was responsible for unifying these states and creating an empire
What were the German states?
Nationalists drove out Austrian forces from northern Italy, while this soldier led forces to unify southern Italy
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
The series of meetings held in Vienna, Austria, from 1814 - 1815 that reestablished peace and order in Europe after Napoleon's defeat
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Like Locke, this philosophe believed that liberty was a natural right. Unlike Locke, he opposed absolute monarchies
Who was the Baron de Montesquieu?
Voltaire praised Great Britain's government as the most progressive in Europe, since laws limited the power of the king. This North American group would disagree
Who were the American colonists?
These two creole leaders helped lead many South American colonies to independence. The country of Bolivia was named after one of them
Who were Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin?
This czar actually abolished serfdom in Russia in 1861, believing it prevented his empire from modernizing its economy
Who was Czar Alexander II?
It was the name of the execution device infamously used during the French Revolution and subsequent Reign of Terror
What was the guillotine?