Health
First person to use term epidemic, and claimed that environment and lifestyle can be causes of illness
Hippocrates
Global perspective and need to address international health issues
Population Health (2000s)
Behavior
Moving from poorly balanced diets deficient in nutrients, calories, and proteins to diet of processed unhealthy foods
Nutritional Transition
Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices... collective actions as a society to assure conditions
Public Health
Scientific method and anatomical study
Enlightenment (1650-1800)
Concept of social justice, controlling communicable diseases, John Snow's data collection and documentation before and after a disease outbreak, birth and death records
Hygiene Movement (1840-1870s)
Education, income, occupational status, and religion
Socioeconomic
Medical Care System (1950s-1980s)
Focused on populations, emphasis on prevention and health promotion, ethics of public service
vs.
Focused on individuals, emphasis on detection and treatment, ethics of personal service
Public health system vs. Medical care system
Quarantine, communicable disease, control practices
Middle Ages (476-1450)
Prohibition of things to promote health, quarantine and isolation from disease, misguided efforts (black plague)... James Lind and scurvy
Health Protection (Antiquity-1830s)
access to and quality of medical care
Medical care
Salus Popul: health of population should be supreme law, public taxation, plumbing, aqueducts
Roman Empire (23 BC-475 AD)
Different risks with different ages
Life Cycle
Sanitary awakening, occupational disease surveillance, vital statistics registration, disease outbreak investigation, healthcare delivery system, social determinants of disease
Industrial Revolution (1800-1950)
Individual responsibility for health and interventions at individual levels, behavioral changes (HIV/AIDS), mammograms (breast cancer), environmental movement
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (1980s-2000)
Direct cause of disease
Infection
Approach 1: focuses on entire population and aims to reduce risk for everyone... assumes everyone is at some degree of risk
Approach 2: focuses on those with the highest probability of developing disease and aims at bringing risk down
Approach 1: Improving the average approach
Approach 2: High Risk Approach
Impact of falling childhood death rates and extended lifespan on size and age distributions of populations
Demographic Transition
Risk factor and surveillance, cohort studies, population screening, vaccination
Public Health Services (1950-1980)
American Public Health Association (1872), biological revolution, vitamins are important
Contagion Control (1880-1940s)
Influences frequency and exposure, special ____ special diseases
Geography
Four Components of public health
1. Health Issues
2. Populations
3. Shared health concerns
4. Vulnerable populations