Biopsychosocial Model
Explain the purpose of the biopsychosocial model.
It aims to explain how the interaction of these factors influence overall health, wellbeing and development.
Explain the purpose of twin and adoption studies.
Twin studies and adoption studies are ways to investigate the effects of nature and nurture on behaviour.
Define emotional development.
Emotional development refers to the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.
E.g. recognising your emotions
Define cognitive development. Provide an example.
Cognitive development refers to the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information from the internal and external environment.
E.g. Learning times tables
Define social development.
The development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others.
Define biological factors. List some examples.
Internal genetic and/or physiologically based factors.
Genetic predisposition, medication/substances, sleep, nutrition.
Explain the difference between twin studies and adoption studies.
Twin studies look at identical and non-identical twins who usually share the same environment, whereas adoption studies focus on children who have been raised in an environment away from their biological parents.
Name the two main attachment styles in infants discovered in John Bowlby (1944-1988) research.
Insecure and secure attachment.
Identify the 4 stages of Jean Piaget's (1936) theory of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
Pre-operational stage (2-7)
Concrete operational stage (7-12)
Formal operational stage (12+)
Provide 3 examples of social development
E.g. communicating with colleagues appropriately
Define psychological factors. List some examples.
Internal factors relating to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
Attitudes, coping skills, thoughts, self esteem, memories
A person with parents of less-than-average intelligence could have a higher-than-normal intelligence would be an example of...
Nurture.
Define stranger anxiety as an attachment related behaviour.
An infant’s wariness or cautiousness when a stranger such as an unfamiliar adult is present.
Define object permanence from the sensorimotor stage.
The understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Explain the methods of Bandura's study:
▰One group of children observed a model interacting violently with the 'bobo doll'.
▰Another group of children observed a model interacting gently.
▰Children who saw the model act violently were more violent in their play time afterwards.
▰The behaviour that was rewarded was more likely to be replicated.
Identify a biopsychological factor on mental wellbeing.
Stress
What is an argument for nature?
The main argument of this viewpoint states that everything a person will ever become (physical appearance, personality) is predetermined in their genes
Define separation anxiety as an attachment related behaviour.
An infant’s distress when they are separated from their main caregiver.
Define egocentrism from the pre-operational stage.
The tendency to perceive the world solely from their own point of view.
What was the main takeaway from Bandura's findings?
●Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
●importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Identify a psychosocial factor on psychological development.
Attachment
What is an argument for nurture?
The main argument of this view says that although inherited genes make up someone, they do not limit their potential if the right environment is presented
Discuss limitations of attachment theory.
Fails to account for cross-cultural differences that may impact development.
Focuses on attachment style during infancy and then proceeds to jump directly to the developmental outcomes that are evident in adulthood, with little explanation as to what occurs in between.
Define conservation from the concrete operational stage.
The understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same even when its appearance changes.
List the 5 stages of observational learning.
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement