Essentials of Bioenergetics
What is Bioenergetics?
The chemical process of converting food into energy
What is the definition of essential amino acids?
They must be ingested in food; cannot be synthesized.
What are the 3 major components of ATP?
adenine, ribose, three phosphates
What are the two major enzymatic systems involved in aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
What are three forms of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Define enzymes & what role do they have?
They are protein molecules that facilitate a chemical reaction by lowering energy of activation.
What is Glycolysis?
A series of enzymatic reaction that metabolize glucose
What is the function of an electron transport chain (ETC)?
Produces majority of ATP during aerobic metabolism, called oxidative phosphorylation.
The process whereby glucose is converted to a storage form is called:
glycogenesis
What is the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction?
Anabolism uses energy to form a product, meanwhile, catabolism uses energy to break down.
Name 3 final products of glycolysis.
1. Two pyruvate molecules
2. Two NADH + H+ molecules (reduced NAD)
3. two ATP molecules
What is formed in the last reaction of the Krebs Cycle?
Oxaloacetate
How many amino acids compose the proteins?
20 amino acids
What is the most important energy molecule produced?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The magnitude of contribution of each system is primarily dependent on __________of the activity and secondarily on the __________.
intensity ; duration
Significance of NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD for Krebs Cycle and Electron
Transport Chain?
They both play an important role in transfer of electrons. They are carrier molecules during bioenergetic reactions.
What are the four forms of energy used in bioenergetics?
Chemical, electrical, heat, & mechanical
How does duration of exercise impact which Energy System is Predominate?
For short, high intensity activities, the body emphasizes anaerobic metabolism.
During the Krebs Cycle, what can the breakdown of pyruvate form in aerobic conditions?
It forms acetyl CoA
What role does oxygen play in an Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen acts as final hydrogen acceptor by forming water.