Cell Communication & Receptors
four types of cell communication
What is Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, & Synaptic
Four types of tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous
This kind of cellular adaptation is when the cells are smaller in size to be more efficient. This can be caused by disuse, malnutrition, menopause, low blood flow due low O2.
What is atrophy
Free Radical Formation, Hypoxia/Ischemia, and Increased Intracellular Calcium
What are mechanisms of Cellular Injury?
Programmed cell death eliminates injured/aged cells without inflammatory response (i.e webbed fingers & toes)
What is Apoptosis?
This is made of proteins and is made for specialized type of cell
What is cell surface receptor?
This type of tissue is the largest organ of the body as it covers the outer surface & lines internal closed cavities/tubes. The connective tissue beneath supplies nutrients and removes waste.
What is epithelial tissue?
What is hypertrophy?
Signaling molecules that contain O2 & free radicals that function to regulate & maintain normal function. These molecules interact with & damage proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, damage cell membranes, inactivate enzymes, & damage nucleic acids. They are highly reactive & unstable because they include an atom or group of atoms that is missing 1 or more electrons in its outer orbit. They combat with antioxidants but are a normal byproduct of aerobic metabolism.
What are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?
Inadequate amount of this process causes cancer whereas too much causes neurodegenerative disease (alzheimers, Hungtington, Parkinson)
What is minimal apoptosis & overload apoptosis?
This cell surface receptor is meant for insulin binding and triggers intracellular signaling cascade. This allows GLUT to enter cell membrane to transport glucose into cell. It is facilitated by tyrosine kinase.
What is an enzyme-linked receptor?
This is the most common tissue in the body; connects and supports with specialized kinds (cartilage, bone, & blood). It is the only tissue with an extracellular matrix
What is connective tissue
What is hyperplasia?
What is Oxidative Stress?
An inflammatory response of unregulated death caused by injuries to cells ( swelling + rupture = cell membrane disruption = inflammation that damages surrounding cells) This is always pathologic
Example: Gangrene, Infarction (hypoxia induced cell death), Liquefactive necrosis (abscess)
What is Necrotic Cell Death?
transmits nerve impulses to muscle cells when a signaling molecule binds to site and opens channel to allow ions into membrane
What are Ion channel-linked receptors?
This tissue's main function is contraction which is controlled by actin and myosin. It has three types: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth. Only one type can regenerate.
What is muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue?
This is reversible change/switch from one cell type to another in response to chronic inflammation/irritation. (Ex: ciliated columnar ---> stratified squamous) However, excessive or prolonged damage can lead to cancer.
What is metaplasia?
Aerobic metabolism cessation that leads to inadequate supply of oxygen to the cell and results ATP depletion (aka Power Failure). Byproducts of this are increased intracellular sodium --> cell swelling + shift to anaerobic metabolism which leads to increased lactic acid production --> damages cell membrane/intracellular structure/DNA.
What is hypoxia?
Limited amount of divisions/replications dependent on cell's telomeres. If the telomeres becomes too short then cell cannot divide and apoptosis occurs.
What is the Cellular Theory of Senescence?
lipid soluble molecules (thyroid/steroid hormones) that diffuse easily through intracellular membrane when they bind to these receptors in the cytoplasm
What are intracellular receptors?
This tissue is a part of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It cannot regenerate and is HIGHLY differentiated
What is nervous tissue?
Deranged or chaotic cell growth that has varied size, shape, & organization. This occurs commonly in the respiratory tract & uterine cervix. This is reversible if the irritant is remove. This is highly likely to lead to cancer?
What is dysplasia?
High levels of Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+) activates enzymes --> degrades cellular proteins, DNA, & cell membrane
What is impaired Calcium Homeostasis?
Physical, radiation, chemical, biologic, & nutritional imbalances