Cell Types & Structures
This type of cell has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic
This molecule is considered the main “energy currency” of the cell.
ATP
Water moves across a membrane from high to low concentration. This process is called…
Osmosis
This organelle digests worn-out cell parts and foreign materials.
Lysosome
Plants store sunlight energy in this molecule.
Glucose
These tiny structures float in the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER and are the site of protein production.
Ribosomes
When a plant cannot photosynthesize, its cells can still make ATP using this process.
Cellular respiration (or fermentation, if oxygen is absent)
Large molecules too big to diffuse enter a cell using this method.
Endocytosis
A poison stops this organelle from making proteins. Which organelle is not functioning?
Ribosome: the cell cannot make proteins
Name the two main raw materials plants need to perform photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide and water
Cells in your body look different because they are part of different _____ with unique roles.
Tissues
Cells that need lots of energy, like muscle cells, have extra numbers of this organelle.
Mitochondria
A white blood cell swallows a bacterium. What is this process called?
Endocytosis
A toxin prevents this organelle from packaging and shipping proteins. What is the first effect on the cell?
Golgi apparatus; proteins are not packaged or shipped
Which input is essential for cellular respiration but not for photosynthesis?
Oxygen
This organelle packages and ships proteins to other parts of the cell or outside it.
Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
A student measures yeast energy production with no oxygen. What process allows the yeast to survive?
Fermentation
Cells shrink if they are exposed to seawater. Which process explains this?
Osmosis
Name two organelles and explain how their structure and function reflect God’s design.
Mitochondria (efficient energy production), chloroplasts (capture sunlight); structure perfectly supports function, showing God’s design
During photosynthesis, what organelle gives leaves their green color?
Chloroplast
Sometimes called the “powerhouse” of the cell, this organelle is crucial for energy production.
Mitochondrion
Name the three steps/processes where energy is captured, stored, and used inside a plant cell.
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts → glucose storage → ATP production in mitochondria
Broken-down materials in a cell are sent outside using this process.
Exocytosis
This organelle captures sunlight to make energy in plants.
Chloroplast
Compare fermentation and cellular respiration: which produces more ATP, and why?
Cellular respiration produces more ATP because it fully breaks down glucose with oxygen, while fermentation produces less energy without oxygen.