A
What are cells mainly composed of?
Water (75%)
How has scientists’ understanding of cells developed over time?
With the advancement of microscopes, scientists began looking for cells in many other places (i.e. pond water and blood). This eventually led to the development of the Cell Theory.
Substances formed by joining smaller molecules together are called _____.
macromolecules.
The _____ consists of proteins joining together to create fiber-like structures inside cells.
cytoskeleton
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called_____.
diffusion
What are the basic substances that make up a cell?
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins
Matthias Schleiden studied _____ cells whereas Theodor Schwann studied _____ cells. Rudolph Virchow suggested that all cells came from preexisting cells. All these ideas combined to form the Cell Theory.
plant, animal
Describe oxygen usage in cellular respiration vs fermentation.
Which of the following best describes vacuoles?
a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Storage compartments
d. Contained in mitochondria
c. Storage compartments
Which process eliminates substances from cells in vesicles?
Exocytosis
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (describe at least three differences).
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells (usually 10X bigger). Eukaryotic cells are more complex, possessing membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or other organelles. In eukaryotic cells, genetic material is found within a nucleus, while in prokaryotic cells genetic material floats freely within the cytoplasm.
Describe the functions of vesicles and the golgi apparatus.
The golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their specific jobs or functions. Vesicles are responsible for transport of proteins.
Describe the role of fermentation in baking bread.
Yeast converts food energy into CO2 and alcohol. CO2 is a gas and makes the dough rise.
How do new cells form from pre-existing cells?
Cells division
The green pigment in plants is known as _____.
Chlorophyll
List all the ways materials enter and leave cells.
Materials enter and leave cells through a membrane using passive transport or active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
How do cells obtain energy?
A cell obtains energy from food molecules through cellular respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis.
Differentiate between channel and carrier proteins.
Channel proteins form small pores in the cell membrane to allow smaller molecules to pass through. Carrier proteins carry large molecules through the cell membrane.
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
Compare and contrast between osmosis and diffusion (at least one similarity and difference between both).
Osmosis refers to the transport of water molecules specifically across a semi-permeable membrane whereas diffusion refers to the transport of materials in general, and does not involve a membrane. Both refer to the movement of substances from a higher concentration to lower concentration.
Describe the relationship between the ratio of surface area to volume in cells.
The ratio of surface area to volume in cells limits the size of a cell. In a smaller cell, the high surface-area-to-volume ratio allows materials to move easily to all parts of a cell.
What are some functions of cell structures? Describe at least three.
Some functions of cell structures are supporting a cell, moving a cell, controlling cell activities, processing energy, and transporting molecules.
Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
During photosynthesis, light energy is taken in and glucose is produced. Afterwards, the glucose is broken down during cellular respiration into ATP which is then used by the organism.
Why do cells require carrier proteins that transport substances such as molecules?
The glucose molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane by diffusion and glucose is required to fuel cellular respiration.
Summarize the role of water in cells.
Water makes up 75% of a cell. It acts as insulation and allows for stable conditions inside and outside of a cell. Many substances can be dissolved in water.