Building Blocks
The smallest stable unit of all matter
What is an atom?
What type of bond occurs between the C in the acid group of one amino acid and the N of the amino group of another amino acid to link them together?
What is a peptide bond?
These molecules are involved in making proteins and passing traits from one generation to the next.
What are nucleic acids?
Water is a universal solvent, meaning it dissolves many things. _______ dissolves ________.
What is like dissolves like? Polar substances dissolve polar substances, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.
In a carbohydrate, there are twice as many (blank) atoms as oxygen atoms.
What is hydrogen? Carbohydrates have the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms as water does.
Sub-atomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom
What are protons and neutrons?
What level of structure in a protein is simply the sequence of amino acids that have linked together?
What is the first, or primary structure?
Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.
What are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine?
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water; hydrophobic molecules repel water.
Two monomers can join together to make a polymer. In sugars, two ________ such as glucose and fructose, join together to make a __________ such as sucrose or table sugar.
What are monosaccharides and disaccharide?
A type of bond formed when atoms rearrange their electrons, creating a cation and anion
What category of proteins enable chemical reactions to occur at a speed that permits life?
What are enzymes?
In a strand of nucleotides, the 5' end has a phosphate that isn't linked to anything. What is found at the 3' end?
What is a sugar that is not linked to anything?
Ice is less dense than liquid water because water expands when it freezes. This is due to what kind of bonds in water molecules?
What are hydrogen bonds, which prevent the molecules from coming too close to one another.
In what type of reaction is water removed from two monomers so they will join together to make a polymer?
What is a dehydration reaction?
Bonds that involve the interaction of a hydrogen atom with an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another molecule.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Name two environmental conditions that strongly affect how the R-groups in amino acids interact, and therefore affects how the protein functions?
What are pH and temperature?
Name the process by which DNA is copied to produce two duplicate double helixes.
What is replication?
Capillary action is a result of what property of water?
What is water's adhesive property, where it is attracted to other similar molecules?
Lipids are extremely nonpolar, which makes them very hydro____.
What is hydrophobic?
A bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
What is a covalent bond?
The entire sequence of DNA is called the genome. What do you call each part of DNA that is copied by mRNA in order to make a protein or other macromolecule?
What is a gene?
In transcription, DNA is used to produce messenger RNA. Translation uses the mRNA to form a protein from amino acids. Which process takes place inside the nucleus of the cell?
What is transcription? DNA is in the nucleus, so transcription takes place there.
Surface tension is a result of what property of water?
What is cohesion, where water molecules want to stay together, or are attracted to its own molecules?
When three fatty acids combine with a molecule of glycerol through a dehydration reaction, this type of lipid is formed.
What is a triglyceride?