The e- in the outermost energy level or an atom are called __?__; these e- determine the __?__ of the atom
valence e-; properties
100
The oxygen and hydrogen in water share their electrons unequally. This makes water a __?__ molecule and results in __?__ bonds between water molecules
polar; hydrogen
100
The type of bonding in which e- are transferred from one atom to another
ionic
100
Carbon is a very unique element. It has __?__ unpaired valence electrons, can bond with other carbon atoms and is able to form chains, __?__ and __?__.
4; branched chains; rings
200
In the nucleus of an atom you find ___?__ while __?__ are found orbiting the nucleus
protons and neutrons; electrons
200
These four elements make up 96% of the mass of a human body:
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
200
The property of water that causes water molecules to be attracted to other water molecules: __?__
The property of water that causes water molecules to be attracted to other substances (like xylem or glass): __?__
cohesion; adhesion
200
A term used to describe 2 or more atoms that are covalently bonded together
molecule
200
Any substance that contains carbon is called __?__.
The most important inorganic molecule is __?__
organic; water
300
Atoms that gain or lose e- are called __?__; if e- are lost, they are called __?__; if e- are gained, they are called __?__
ions; cations; anions
300
Mass number is calculated by adding the number of __?__ and __?__
p+ and neutrons
300
Water resists changes in temperature. It takes a long time for it to heat up and a long time for it to cool down. This is because the energy is stored up in the hydrogen bonds. The term that describes this property is __?__
high specific heat
300
The pH scale ranges from _?_ to _?_. Each step up (or down) the scale is a 10-fold difference in the number of __?__ ions in the solution. Acids have a pH of __?__ while bases have a pH of __?__. Neutral = _?_
0-14; H+; <7; >7; 7
300
Polymers are broken into smaller pieces by a chemical reaction called __?__. During this chemical reaction, a molecule of __?__ breaks the covalent bond between 2 monomers.
Hydrolysis; water
400
Atoms are neutral (have no charge) because the # of __?__ = the # of _____
p+, e-
400
An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is called a(n):_?__
isotope
400
Any solution where water is the solvent is called a(n) __?__ solution; the substance that dissolves (or is present in the smaller amount) is called the __?__.
aqueous; solute
400
Soap works by breaking the hydrogen bonds in water. It does this because it has a non-polar side and a polar side. The __?__ side is attracted to fats and oils while the __?__ side is attracted to water
non-polar; polar
400
Individual subunits that are the building blocks of larger biomolecules are called __?__. Many subunits chemically bonded together by covalent bonds make up a(n) __?__
monomer; polymer
500
The number of __?__ determines the element; this number has the formal name of __?__
p+; Atomic Number
500
Compounds are elements that are bonded together in specific __?__
ratios
500
The memory device used to determine if one substance will dissolve in another is: __?__
This means that _?_ dissolves polar and __?__ dissolves non-polar.
"Like dissolves like"; polar; non-polar
500
Substances that resist a change in pH are called _?__.
Buffers
500
This reaction causes polymers to form (or to grow in length): __?__. It involves removing a molecule of __?__ to form a new __?__ bond