International Phonetic Alphabet
This diacritic indicates a consonant is produced with a simultaneous secondary palatal constriction.
What is the palatalization diacritic [ʲ]?
Sounds produced by bringing both lips together fall into this category.
What is bilabial?
Voicing occurs when this anatomical structure vibrates.
what are the vocal folds?
This acoustic representation displays frequency, intensity, and time simultaneously.
What is a spectrogram?
This theory explains how speech gestures overlap in time.
What is coarticulation theory?
The IPA symbol [ɾ] represents this type of consonant, commonly heard as the medial /t/ in American English “butter.”
What is an alveolar tap (or flap)?
The place of articulation for /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ is classified as this.
What is postalveolar (palato-alveolar)?
This aerodynamic condition is required to initiate vocal fold vibration.
What is sufficient transglottal pressure?
Formant frequencies primarily reflect this aspect of speech production.
What is vocal tract shape/configuration?
The motor equivalence principle suggests speakers can achieve the same acoustic output using this.
What are different articulatory strategies?
This symbol [ɰ] represents a sound articulated with the tongue body raised toward the velum but without turbulent airflow.
What is a velar approximant?
This articulatory place is involved in the production of the English /r/ with tongue root retraction
What is pharyngeal involvement?
Voiceless stops have a longer VOT (voice onset time) compared to voiced stops in this language variety.
What is American English?
The acoustic cue most strongly associated with stop consonant voicing contrasts is this.
What is voice onset time (VOT)?
This neural pathway is primarily involved in speech motor planning.
What is the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)?
The difference between [n̪] and [n] is best described by this articulatory feature.
what is place of articulation (dental vs. alveolar)?
A constriction between the tongue dorsum and the hard palate characterizes this place of articulation.
What is palatal?
Breathy voice quality is associated with this incomplete glottal configuration.
What is incomplete vocal fold adduction?
Fricatives are identified acoustically by this feature.
What is aperiodic high-frequency noise?
The source-filter theory separates speech production into these two components.
What are the sound source (larynx) and vocal tract filter?
This IPA transcription best represents a devoiced final consonant caused by aerodynamic constraints: [d̥].
What is a partially devoiced voiced stop?
In disordered speech, backing errors often shift alveolars to this place of articulation.
What is velar?
This phenomenon explains why final voiced obstruents often become devoiced.
What is insufficient subglottal pressure / aerodynamic devoicing?
The difference between F1 and F2 spacing is most influenced by this articulatory parameter
What is tongue height and advancement?
This acoustic change explains why children with smaller vocal tracts have higher formant frequencies.
What is shorter vocal tract length increasing resonant frequencies?