DNA Technology
What are restriction enzymes used for in gene cloning?
To cut DNA at specific sequences
What is a Genome?
All the genetic material in an organism
What do we call circular DNA used in bacteria?
Plasmid
Which scientist experimented on Pea Plants?
Gregor Mendel
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What’s the name of the old-school DNA sequencing method?
Sanger Method
True or False: Most of your DNA codes for proteins.
False – only about 1.5% does!
What’s the name of the enzyme that “cuts” in CRISPR?
Cas 9
What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
A, T, G, C
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
What enzyme is used in PCR to add new DNA bases?
DNA Polymerase
What are STRs used for?
DNA profiling/ genetic fingerprinting
What does CRISPR help scientists do?
Edit genes precisely
What do we call the “stronger” version of a gene?
Dominant
What is produced during the light-dependent reactions that powers the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA sequencing?
To separate DNA fragments by size
What is metagenomics?
Study of all species in an environment based on DNA found in sample
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Explain the concept of incomplete dominance and provide an example.
A heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink flowers)
Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
What makes “next-gen” sequencing faster than older methods?
High-throughput sequencing of many fragments at once
What are transposons?
“Jumping genes” that can move within the genome
What are the steps of PCR?
Denaturation, Annealing and Extension.
What is Epistasis?
When 2 genes have 1 effect or one gene affecting the physical expression of another gene
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both