Cell Cycle & Mitosis
In normal development, the cell cycle is controlled or regulated by a number of ____ in the cell cycle.
What are checkpoints?
If a proto-oncogene becomes mutated, the gene is referred to as a:
What is an oncogene?
True or False: In most cases of cancer, only 1 mutation causes the cancer.
What is False?
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are typically more ___ in their shape.
What is round(ed)?
Between sporadic and inherited forms of cancer, this type is the most common.
What is sporadic?
A major cell cycle checkpoint here (at this point in the cell cycle) is needed to ensure that there is no DNA damage before the DNA is replicated.
What is between the G1 and S stages (of interphase)?
These types of genes encode proteins that act like a car's brakes--to slow down cells at cell cycle checkpoints.
What are tumor suppressor genes?
In cancer, mutations also cause cancer cells to ___ -- or spread-- to various parts of the body.
What is metastasize?
Cancer cells go through the cell cycle more ___ than a normal cell.
What is quickly?
True or False: There are some environmental factors, including exposure to certain toxins or infection with certain viruses, that can mutate human DNA and lead to cancer.
What is True?
A major cell cycle checkpoint here (at this point in the cell cycle) is needed to ensure that no DNA errors were introduced during DNA replication.
What is between the S and G2 stages (of interphase)?
These types of genes encode proteins that act like a car's gas pedal--to promote normal advancement of the cell through a cell cycle checkpoint.
What are proto-oncogenes?
Cancer cells are said to be _____ which means that -given space and nutrients- the cells could continue to divide indefinitely.
Often, the chromosomes in cancer cells are abnormal. For instance, the telomeres in cancer cells are often __________ compared to the telomeres in normal cells.
What is longer (elongated)?
If a person inherits a ___ mutation, the mutation will be in every cell of their body and can dramatically increase their predisposition to cancer.
What is a germ line mutation?
A major cell cycle checkpoint here (at this point in the cell cycle) is needed to ensure that chromosomes align correctly before disjunction in mitosis.
What is between metaphase and anaphase (of mitosis)?
A mutation that converts a proto-oncogene to an oncogene is a ___ type of mutation, meaning that a mutation in only 1 of the 2 copies of the gene will have a negative effect.
What is dominant?
Mutations that cause cancer cause cells to ____--meaning they fail to mature normally or regress to being more like immature stem cells.
What is undifferentiate (or dedifferentiate)?
Cancer cells often release chemicals to promote ____ -or new blood vessel formation-- to supply blood (& therefore nutrients) to the tumor.
What is angiogenesis?
Most cases of cancer involve mutations in ___ cells prior to mitosis, meaning that the mutation is only found in a subset of cells and will not be passed on to offspring.
Cancer can result if cells have an error that dysregulates their progress through the cell cycle and/or if they have an error that prevents ____ in situations where there is irreparable DNA damage.
What is apoptosis?
A mutation that inactivates a tumor suppressor gene product is a ___ type of mutation, meaning that both copies of the gene have to be mutated in order to see a negative effect.
What is recessive?
This hypothesis states that typically a series of mutations must occur to transform a normal cell to a cancer cell. But the mutation "path" to cancer can vary from person to person.
What is the "two-hit" hypothesis?
Cancer cells lose ___ _____-- meaning they do not stop growing when they encounter neighboring cells.
What is contact inhibition?
A specific tumor suppressor gene that has been found to be mutated in over 50% of all different types of cancer.
What is p53?