Malignant Tumor Effects
This is not usually an early symptom of cancer, but often occurs when a tumor is well advanced.
What is pain?
This refers to the spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes, usually in body cavities
What is seeding?
This is the root of malignant transformation.
What are changes in DNA?
This is prophylactic (preventative) treatment used in cancers that are known to metastasize early in their development, producing secondary tumors that are too small to be detected (micrometastases).
What is adjuvant therapy?
Many cancers spread by normal venous and lymphatic flow, and therefore the lungs and liver are common sites for these types of tumors.
What are secondary tumors?
This result when a tumor compresses a duct or passageway from an external position or grows inside a passageway or around a structure.
What is obstruction?
This is the term used for when a cancer remains in a small local area of its originating tissues.
What is in situ?
The first stage in carcinogenesis is termed this.
What is initiation?
This type of treatment is intended to reduce the manifestations and complications related to the cancer and to prolong life.
What is palliative?
The development of Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphomas in AIDS patients is an indication of this.
What is the HIV virus has a detrimental effect on host defenses of cancer?
Nutrient trapping by cancer cells in a contributing factor to weight loss and this.
What is cachexia?
This is the reason for staging a malignant tumor at time of diagnosis.
What is to determine best treatment and prognosis?
This stage of carcinogenesis is considered precancerous and involves the transformation of cells from a dysplastic to anaplastic state.
What is promotion?
This is an alternative to surgery for small single tumors in the lungs or liver.
What is radiofrequency ablation?
This refers to a process describing cancer’s ability to develop blood vessels.
What is angiogenesis?
This systemic effect is a common problem resulting from anorexia, chronic bleeding and bone marrow depression.
What is anemia?
Undifferentiated, anaplastic, non-functional, poorly organized cells from a biopsy would be graded as this.
What is grade 4?
This is the term for genes that cause cancer.
What is oncogenes?
This is the reason anti-neoplastic chemotherapy usually have such harsh side effects.
What is it targets all fast-replicating cells, which include mucosa, skin, bone marrow, and cancer?
The systemic effects of substances such as hormones secreted by tumor cells are referred to as this.
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
The TNM staging method of cancer diagnosis refers to these 3 indicies.
What are tumor size, extent of involvement of regional lymph nodes and spread of the tumor?
Tumors that metastasize readily and exhibit cells that reproduce quickly are described as this.
What is aggressive?
Rituximab (Rituxan), Cetuximab (Erbitux), Ibritumomab (Zevalin), and Trastuzumab (Herceptin) represent these type of substances.
What are monoclonal antibody cancer therapies?