Chapter 21
Phillip II
inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies.
skepticism
the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
Thirty Years’ War
a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families.
boyars
His young life was disrupted by struggles for power among Russia’s landowning nobles,
Oliver Cromwell.
Puritans found a general who could win—
absolute monarchs
kings or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries.
Louis XIV.
the most powerful ruler in French history
Maria Theresa.
charle's eldest daughter
Peter the Great,
he was one of Russia’s greatest reformers. He also continued the trend of increasing the czar’s power
Restoration.
Because he restored the monarchy, the period of his rule is called the Restoration.
divine right
, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth.
intendants
who collected taxes and administered justice
Frederick the Great
To punish Frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend’s beheading. Despite such bitter memories, Frederick II
westernization
using western Europe as a model for change, was not an end in itself. Peter saw it as a way to make Russia stronger.
habeas corpus.
During Charles II’s reign, Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom, habeas corpus.
Edict of Nantes.
declaration of religious toleration
Jean Baptiste Colbert
louis' minister of finance
Seven Years’ War
In 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally. Soon every great European power was involved in the war. Fought in Europe, India, and North America, the war lasted until 1763
Charles I
James son
Glorious Revolution.
When William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of King James II
Cardinal Richelieu
became, in effect, the ruler of France
War of the Spanish Succession.
England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together to prevent the union of the French and Spanish thrones. The long struggle that followed
Ivan the Terrible
came to the throne in 1533 when he was only three years old.
English Civil War.
From 1642 to 1649, supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil War
constitutional monarchy
where laws limit the powers