ch.21
the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
genomics
application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data
bioinformatics
An international effort aimed at sequencing and mapping the entire human genome, completed in 2003.
Human Genome Project
Skips genetic and physical mapping and sequences random DNA fragments directly
shotgun approach
shows the location of several thousand genetic markers on each chromosome.
linkage map
a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele that codes for a trait
genetic marker
the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome
proteonomics
former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional
pseudogenes
noncoding DNA found between genes - psydogenes and repetitive DNA
intergenic DNA
sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome. 3/4 is made up of transposable elements
repetitive DNA
A transposable element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate
transposons
related to transposable elements. are very short sequences. many are transcribed into RNA, function not known, they arefound in primates
Alu elements
contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences
simple sequence DNA
(STR) simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles
short tandem repeats
collections of identical or very similar genes
multigene families
What type of noncoding DNA comprises the largest portion of multicellular eukaryotic genomes?
transposons
Most eukaryotes have larger genomes than most _____
prokaryotes
DNA from an entire group of species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced.
metagenomics
What does Shotgun sequencing bypass
mapping and cloning steps
What carries out most of the activities of the cell
proteins not genes
Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?
exon shuffling
Who experimented with corn and genetics
Barbara McClintock
1940 and 1950s
A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
physical map
2 types of eukaryotic transposable elements
Transposons
Retrotransposons
What does an exon often code for
Protein domain...aka a distinct structural and functional region of a protein molecule