Leaders and Kings
What leader united the Germanic kingdoms under one rule?
Charlemagne
Which group made up the largest class of people under feudalism?
Serfs and peasants
In the feudal hierarchy, who was the only figure positioned above the kings?
The Pope
Against which religious group did Pope Urban II declare the Crusades?
Muslims
What killed a third of the population of Europe in the 1300s?
The bubonic plague
What Germanic king first converted to Christianity?
Clovis
Which group of people were "vassals" who lived by a code of chivalry?
Knights
Following the fall of the Roman Empire, why did Rome remain a powerful center in Europe?
It was the seat of the pope
Who called for the Crusades to halt the spread of Islam?
Pope Urban II
What group of people settled and ruled in England during the 400s?
The Anglo-Saxons
How did Pope Leo III reward Charlemagne for his defense of the faith?
He declared him emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
What was the name of the economic and social system that feudal society centered around?
The manor system
Which document, signed in 1215, made the king subject to the rule of law?
The Magna Carta
What was the name of the movement intended to drive non-Christians out of Spain?
The Reconquista
What evidence of Anglo-Saxon life was found in Staffordshire, England?
A treasure horde
Which English king made a major step toward democratic government by assembling a parliament of knights and town residents?
Edward I
What was the specific role of a vassal in feudal society?
They paid taxes on land and pledged military service
The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII signified a power struggle between which two groups?
Kings and clergy
The Crusades were launched primarily to reclaim what specific region?
The Holy Land
Which was a major factor that contributed to the end of feudalism?
The growth of wage-paying jobs and towns
The Hundred Years' War was fought over a conflict regarding the succession to which throne?
The French throne
What was the correct social order under feudalism from top to bottom?
King, clergy, knights, serfs
What specific issue provoked the major conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII?
The appointment of bishops
How did the Crusades impact the relationship between European kingdoms and the Eastern Roman Empire?
They caused conflict and eventually led to the crusaders attacking the Byzantine Empire
In the late Middle Ages, what major change in military technology and the rise of professional armies made the traditional feudal knight less essential to a king's power?
The introduction of the longbow and gunpowder (cannons), which allowed kings to hire professional soldiers rather than relying on the specialized military service of landed vassals.