A
Which infection generally begins with a sudden onset of a high fever and polyarthralgia?
Chikungunya
What is the etiological agent of the zoonotic infection, tularemiaI (“rabbit fever”)?
Francisella tularensis
Infection with which virus during pregnancy can result in a baby having microcephaly?
Zika
What type of viruses are HIV and human lymphotropic viruses?
Retroviruses
What test is used to detect patient antibodies to the yellow fever virus or viral antigens in blood?
ELISA method
What is the etiological agent of cat scratch disease?
Bartonella quintana
What is the last stage of HIV infection called?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Infection in which 2 organs have the greatest risk of spreading to the bloodstream?
Lung & kidney
Which species of Candida is a serious and rapidly emerging threat due to resistance of many antifungal agents?
Candida auris
What structures are lined by the endocardium?
Heart Chambers
Coinfection with which pathogen is usually seen in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Malaria & EBV
What is the etiological agent of Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the best way to reduce the incidence of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika?
Controlling mosquito levels
HIV mainly infects which cells?
White blood cells & T helper cells
What is the etiological agent of the malarial genus and species that causes most deaths?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the etiological agent of mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), member of the Herpesviridae family
What is polyarthralgia?
Extreme pain in multiple joints
Which two organisms are the main cause of bacterial endocarditis?
Streptococcus species & Staphylococcus aureus
What three conditions are caused by human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)?
T cell leukemia, lymphoma, and/or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy
What are the 3 biosafety level 4 (BSL 4) viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever?
Bunyaviridae family (hantavirus)
Arenaviridae family (Lassa fever)
Filoviridae family (Ebola and Marburg viruses)
What does a positive tourniquet test indicate?
Whether a patient may have dengue fever that has progressed to a hemorrhagic form
What is lymphangitis and what does it look like?
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that may be evident as red streaks in the skin that radiate from the infection source to the nearest lymph node
What are 3 forms of plague?
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis causes bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague
Where in the body do sporozoites mature into merozoites?
Sporozoites then travel to the liver, where they reproduce. In the liver, the newly formed parasites mature into merozoites
What is systemic infection?
An infection that affects the whole body, usually carried in the blood or lymph; often describes infections that impact the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
What is Septic shock?
Most dangerous stage of sepsis in which a patient’s blood pressure may drop to the point that blood is not adequately propelled into tissues and organs; as oxygen and nutrients are cut off, tissues can no longer perform cellular respiration, which leads to tissue death (necrosis) and organ failure; the most dangerous stage of sepsis that features tissue death and organ failure
What are capillaries?
Thin vessels that branch from arterioles and that directly supply blood to our organs and tissues and serve as the site of nutrient and gas exchange; at only one cell thick, capillary walls easily allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from the blood into surrounding tissues
What is hemorrhagic fever?
Infections that induce high fever, chills, diarrhea, vomiting, and headache, as well as bleeding from the eyes, mouth, ears, skin pores, and internal organs; mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, bats, and blood contact when slaughtering infected animals have all been known to transmit viral hemorrhagic fevers; occasionally, infected humans transfer these viruses through blood or semen; viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers include the following: dengue and yellow fever (viruses in the Flaviviridae family); the Bunyaviridae family, which includes hantavirus; the Arenaviridae family that includes the virus causing Lassa fever; and the Filoviridae family that includes Ebola and Marburg viruses
What are veins?
Vessels that convey oxygen-depleted, waste-rich blood to the heart. Our systemic veins direct blood toward the vena cava, a large vein that conveys blood to the heart’s right atrium
What is erythema migrans?
A slowly expanding rash surrounding a vector bite; in Lyme disease, a bull’s-eye-shaped rash that often develops around the tick bite area about 7 to 14 days after infection