A
What is the hardening and thickening of the arterial walls?
Arteriosclerosis
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Clots in lungs
What is the formation of new blood vessels?
Angiogenesis
Where is the cardiovascular center located in the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
Which two forces determine capillary blood flow?
Pressure & Resistance
What is the removal of solutes as a solution passes through a porous membrane?
Filtration
Which blood vessels bring blood to the placenta?
Umbilical arteries
What is a scientific term for a stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident
A short-circuit exists between the pulmonary and aortic trunks. What are they connected by?
Ductus arteriosus
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure of blood within the capillaries
What is Hypotension?
Abnormally low blood pressure
What is the function of vein valves?
To prevent backflow of blood
Where do all gaseous and chemical exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid take place?
Across capillary walls
What effect on blood volume and blood pressure does the release of ANP and BNP produce?
Reduce blood volume and blood pressure
During strenuous exercise, which three organs have an increase in blood flow?
Skeletal muscles, Heart, & Skin
What is an aneurysm?
A bulge in a weakened arterial wall
Why are artery walls typically thicker than in veins?
They deal with higher blood pressure than veins
What do carotid sinus baroreceptors do?
Trigger reflexes that maintain adequate blood flow to the brain
What occurs during capillary exchange?
The transfer of liquid and solutes between the blood and interstitial fluid
What are the three important processes that move materials across typical capillary walls?
Diffusion, Filtration, & Reabsorption
Which activities does the vasomotor center control?
The activity of sympathetic motor neurons
What are the layers of blood vessel walls from deep to superficial?
Tunica intima --> Tunica media --> Tunica externa
What is venous return?
The amount of blood arriving at the right atrium each minute
What is a stroke?
Interruptions of the vascular supply to a portion of the brain
What are the three combined factors that determine the total peripheral resistance of the cardiovascular system?
Vascular resistance, Blood viscosity, & Turbulence
Where does the systemic circuit begin and where does it end?
It begins at the left ventricle & ends at the right atrium
What effect on blood vessels does the release of EPO have and does this increase or decrease blood pressure?
The release of EPO causes vasoconstriction, thereby increasing blood pressure
Where are baroreceptors associated with central regulation of blood flow located in the body?
They are located in the carotid sinuses & the aortic arch.
When taking someone’s blood pressure, you obtain a reading of 115/75. What does the top number (115) and bottom number (75) represent?
The top number (115) is systolic pressure and the bottom number (75) is diastolic pressure
What are some qualities of fenestrated capillaries?
- Have pores in the endothelial lining
- Permit exchange of water and larger solutes
- Found in the choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, & intestinal tract
What are 5 hormones that function in central regulation of blood flow?
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone, Angiotensin II, Erythropoietin, Natriuretic peptides
What are the three elastic arteries that originate along the aortic arch that deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders, and upper limbs?
Brachiocephalic trunk (aka Innominate artery), Left common artery, & Left subclavian artery
Which type of cholesterol is considered “bad” cholesterol and how does exercise lower cholesterol levels?
Low-density lipoproteins are considered bad cholesterol, and exercise helps stimulate enzymes that move Low-density lipoproteins from blood to liver
What are three changes to the cardiovascular response that occur during light exercise?
1. Extensive vasodilation occurs in skeletal and cardiac muscle, increasing circulation
2. Local vasodilation occurs in skin due to rise in body temperature
3. Venous return increases with muscle contractions and faster breathing
What are some qualities of continuous capillaries?
- Found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage
- Have a complete endothelial lining
- Permit the diffusion of water
- Small solutes and lipid-soluble materials
- Specialized continuous capillaries in the CNS and thymus have very restricted permeability