A
Which tonsils are usually inflamed when a patient experiences tonsillitis?
Palatine tonsils
What are 2 kinds of microphages?
Neutrophils & Eosinophils
What is opsonization?
Enhanced phagocytosis
Are first line defenses innate or adaptive?
Innate (nonspecific)
What are large lymphoid nodules in the wall of the pharynx?
Tonsils
What are 2 types of phagocytes associated with immune function?
Macrophages & Microphages
What are small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by tissue cells infected with viruses?
What are the two pairs of polypeptide chains of a Y-shaped antibody molecule called?
Heavy chains & Light chains
What must be recognized for antigen presentation to occur?
MHC antigen complex
What triggers antigen presentation by class I MHC proteins?
Viral or bacterial infection of a body cell
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
They carry lymph from the peripheral tissues to veins
Which cells located in the subcapsular space of a lymph node initiate the immune response?
Dendritic cells
What is opsonization?
Enhanced phagocytosis
What are 2 primary lymph tissues/organs?
Red bone marrow & Thymus
What are 2 examples of fixed macrophages?
Microglia & Stellate macrophages
What is an abscess?
Accumulation of pus in an enclosed space
What are antigens?
Chemical targets that stimulate an immune response
What is an abscess?
Accumulation of pus in an enclosed space
What is a pathogen?
Organisms that cause disease, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
What are pyrogens?
Fever-inducing agents that cause the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
Adaptive immunity is specific, what does this mean?
Specificity is when each T or B cell responds only to a specific antigen and ignores all others
What are 4 secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?
Tonsils, Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, Lymph nodes, & Spleen
What is lymphocytopoiesis?
Lymphocyte production, Involves the red bone marrow, thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues
What occurs during emigration?
Both microphages and free macrophages move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells
What is chemotaxis?
The attraction of phagocytic cells to the source of abnormal chemicals in tissue fluids
What do cross matching tests determine?
It tests for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood to avoid hemolytic reactions
What do tissue typing tests determine?
It assesses HLAs, human leukocyte antigens
What lymphocytes are involved in innate immunity and which are involved in adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity - Natural killer (NK) cells
Adaptive immunity - B cells & T cells
What are 3 classes of lymphocytes that circulate in blood?
T (thymus-dependent) cells
B (bone marrow-derived) cells
NK (natural killer) cells
What are drugs such as Benadryl used for? What kind of drug is it? (ie: what does it block)?
Benadryl is used to relieve mild symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity, it is an antihistamine which are drugs that block the action of histamine
Where is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) located?
Digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive systems
What is the difference between the spleen’s red pulp and white pulp?
Red pulp - contains many red blood cells
White pulp - resembles lymphoid nodules
What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?
The walls of the vessels contain three layers like veins do
What is a primary and secondary response? Which one is more extensive and prolonged?
Primary response - after initial exposure to an antigen
Secondary response - subsequent exposure to the same antigen, is more extensive & prolonged
What are MHCs? What is another name they are known by? What is their importance?
MHCs are surface antigens that are important to the recognition of foreign antigens and that play a role in the coordination and activation of the immune response; also called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein or human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
What are APCs?
Antigen-presenting cells are cells that process antigens and display them, bound to class II MHC proteins; essential to the initiation of a normal immune response
What are thymosins?
An extract from thymus containing several hormones that promotes the development and maturation of T cells
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filters lymph before it returns to the venous circulation
▪ Removes 99 percent of antigens (foreign microorganisms and substances)
▪ Phagocytes engulf debris and pathogens in the lymph node or arrive at the lymph node from peripheral tissues
▪ Antigens are then presented to lymphocytes
What is lymphedema and what does it cause?
Lymphedema is the obstruction of lymphatic vessels that prevents lymph drainage
– Causes severe swelling, which can become permanent
– Interferes with immune system function
What are 3 functions of the spleen?
- Filters blood to remove abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis
- Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells
- Immune responses to antigens in blood by macrophages, B cells, T cells
Lymphatic capillaries have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves. Regarding pathogens, what is the importance of valves in immune function?
It permits fluids and solutes (including proteins) to enter, along with viruses, bacteria, and cell debris, but it prevents them from returning to the intercellular spaces
What is the functional difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
Afferent Lymphatics – Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the lymph node
Efferent Lymphatics - Carry lymph away from the lymph node
What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
- Redness (due to increased blood flow)
- Swelling (due to increase capillary permeability)
- Heat (due to increased blood flow)
- Pain (due chemicals released by injured cells and detected by pain receptors)
What are 4 main types of T cells and their functions?
Cytotoxic T cells – attack antigens physically and chemically
Helper T cells – stimulate responses of T cells and B cells
Regulatory T cells – moderate the immune response
Memory T cells – respond to previously encountered antigens
What are the 4 types of adaptive immunity and how are they acquired?
Naturally acquired active immunity – through environmental exposure to pathogens
Artificially acquired active immunity – through vaccines (preparations designed to induce an immune response)
Naturally acquired passive immunity – antibodies acquired from the mother across the placenta or from milk
Artificially acquired passive immunity – by an injection of antibodies