16th c. begins...
For two hundred years or more the Renaissance had been stirring the thought and spirit of Italy - and now came forth in the vivid revival of the traditions of ancient _____________ and ______________, in so far as these did not affect the foundations of the Christian faith.
Greece
Rome
For the first time, in the course of the fifteenth century men began to refer to the preceding millennium as the Middle Ages. Though much that was medieval survived in their minds, men felt they were living on the brink of a ____________ and _____________ age. It was an age marked not only by splendid achievements in art and architecture, but also by the beginnings of a revolution in ______________.
new
modern
science
The Holy Roman Empire of the German people dissolved into a dust of principalities and cities; the Netherlands split into what we now know as _______________ and _______________.
Holland
Belgium
________________ ________________ _______________ _________________ grandson of _______________ ________________ ______________, had initiated a number of enterprises. Exploring began from Lisbon.
Prince Henry the Navigator
John of Gaunt
The arrival of the Spaniards in the New World, and their discovery of precious metals, had led them into wordy conflict with the Portuguese. As one of the motives of both countries was the spreading of the ___________ ____________ into undiscovered heathen lands they appealed to the Pope, in whose hands the gift of new countries was at this time conceived to lie.
Christian faith
The Popes had in the meanwhile become temporal rulers, with the lusts and pomps of other potentates, yet they claimed to carry with them the ____________ _______________as well. The revenues of the Church were swelled by the sale of "______________" to remit ______________ both for the living and for the dead.
spiritual power
Indulgences
Purgatory
The urge to inquire, to debate, and seek new explanations spread from the field of classical learning into that of religious studies. Greek and even Hebrew texts, as well as Latin, were scrutinized afresh. Inevitably this led to the questioning of accepted religious beliefs. The _______________ bred the ______________.
Renaissance
Reformation
By the middle of the century, the _______________ were the spearhead of the Protestant attack, the ______________ the shield and sword of Catholic defense and counterattack.
Calvinists
Jesuits
All through the latter _______________ century Portuguese mariners had been pushing down the west coast of Africa, seeking for ______________ and ______________, slowly extending the bounds of the known world, till in 1487, ______________ ________________ rounded the great promontory that marked the end of the African continent.
fifteenth
gold
slaves
Bartholomew Diaz
By a series of Bulls in the 1490's the ______________ ________________ ______________ ____________ drew a line across the world dividing the Spanish and Portuguese spheres. This remarkable dispensation stimulated the conclusion of a treaty between Spain and Portugal.
Borgia Pope Alexander VI
These were the _______________, who attempted a reconciliation of classical and Christian teachings, among the foremost of whom was ______________ of Rotterdam.
humanists
Erasmus
In _____________, at the age of thirty-four, ____________ ______________, a German priest denounced the sale of _________________, nailed his theses on this and other matters on the door of ___________________ _______________ church, and embarked on his venturesome intellectual foray with the ____________.
1517
Martin Luther
Indulgences
Wittenburg Castle
Pope
The revolution ended only after Central Europe had been wrecked by the _____________ ______________ _____________, and the Peace of _________________ in _______________ terminated a struggle whose starting-point had been almost forgotten.
Thirty Years War
Westphalia
1648
Diaz called it "_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________," but the King of Portugal with true insight renamed it "______________ ______________ _____________ ______________ ____________." In 1498 Vasco da Gama dropped anchor in the harbor of Calicut; the sea-route was open to the wealth of India and the Farther East.
the Cape of Storms
the Cape of Good Hope
A north-south line 370 leagues west of the Azores was agreed upon, and the Portuguese felt entitled to occupy _________________. Although the Portuguese were first in the field of oceanic adventure their country was too small to sustain such efforts. It is said that half the population of Portugal died in trying to hold their overseas possessions. Spain soon overtook them.
Brazil
________________ enabled knowledge and argument to flow through the many religious societies which made up the structure of medieval Europe and from about 1450 onwards _____________ ______________ formed the core of a vast ever-growing domain.
Printing
printing presses
Luther gave an impulse to a movement which within a decade swamped the Continent, and proudly bears the general title of the Reformation. It took different forms in different countries, particularly in Switzerland under ______________ and _____________. The latter's influence spread from _____________ across France to the Netherlands and Britain, where it was most strongly felt in ______________.
Zwingli
Calvin
Geneva
Scotland
It was not until the ________________ century that a greater sense of toleration based upon mutual reverence and respect ruled the souls of men throughout the Christian world.
nineteenth
In _____________ Christopher Columbus sent his brother Bartholomew to seek English backing for the enterprise. Bartholomew was captured by pirates off the French coast, and when he finally arrived in England and won the notice of ___________ _____________, the new King, it was too late. Christopher, however, had gathered the support of the joint Spanish sovereigns, _______________ _____________ _____________ and ________________ _______________ ______________, and under their patronage in _______________ he set sail into the unknown from Palos, in Andalusia. After a voyage of three months he made landfall in one of the. islands of the Bahamas
1486
Henry Tudor
Ferdinand of Aragon
Isabella of Castile
1492
In the year of Columbus' first voyage, _______________, the only Moorish city which survived on Spanish soil, had fallen to the last great Crusading army of the Middle Ages. Henceforward the Spaniards were free to turn their energies to the New World. In less than a generation a Portuguese captain, in Spanish pay, ______________, set out on a voyage to South America and across the Pacific that was to take his ship round the globe.
Granada
Magellan
In the Middle Ages education had largely been confined to training the clergy, now it was steadily extended, and its purpose became to turn out not only priests but lay scholars and well-informed gentlemen. The man of many parts and accomplishments became the ___________________ _______________.
Renaissance ideal
After a period of ecclesiastical strife between the Papacy and the Reformation, ___________________ was established over a great part of the Continent under a variety of sects and schools, of which _______________ covered the larger area. The Church in ______________, strengthened by the heartsearching Catholic revival known as the _________________-______________ and in the more worldly sphere by the activities of the _______________, proved able to maintain itself through a long series of religious wars.
Protestantism
Lutheranism
Rome
Counter-Reformation
Inquisition
Italian geographers and navigators had for some time been trying to find a new sea-route to the _______________ which would be unhampered by the infidel. ________________ was the first to discover a new path.
Orient
Portugal
Henry Tudor financed an expedition by _____________ _______________, who was a Genoese like Columbus and lived in Bristol. In ____________ he struck land near Cape Breton Island. But there was little prospect of trade, and an immense forbidding continent seemed to block further advance. On a second voyage he sailed down the coast of America in the direction of ______________, but this was too near the region of Spanish efforts. Upon his death the cautious ____________ abandoned his Atlantic enterprise.
John Cabot
1497
Florida
Henry
In _______________, in the person of ______________ _______________, a new dynasty now mounted the throne, and during the twenty-four years of careful stewardship that lay before him a new era in English history began. ______________ first task was to induce magnates, Church, and gentry to accept the decision of ________________ and to establish himself upon the throne. He was careful to be crowned before facing the representatives of the nation, thus resting his title first upon conquest, and only secondly on the approbation of _________________.
1485
Henry VII
Henry's
Bosworth
Parliament