A
What enzyme is produced by alveolar endothelial cells?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
How many lobes are the right & left lungs divided into?
Right lung - 3 lobes
Left lung - 2 lobes
What cells produce surfactant?
Pneumocytes type II
What genus of bacteria causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Which law expresses the relationship between pressure and air volume and what is the formula?
Boyle's Law, P = 1/V
What process is used for gas exchange in alveoli?
Diffusion
What is the pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae called?
Intrapleural pressure
What molecules bind to iron ions in the center of heme units of hemoglobin?
Oxygen molecules
What are the two primary respiratory muscles?
Diaphragm & External intercostals
What is the function of surfactant?
It plays a key role in keeping the alveoli open
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
To patrol the alveolar surface
What are the structures of the lower respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, & alveoli
What is the function of the epiglottis when swallowing?
It covers the glottis when swallowing
What does the partial pressure of a gas mean?
The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
What is the pressure inside the alveoli called?
Intrapulmonary pressure
What is apnea?
A period of suspended respiration
What is the cardiac notch?
The cardiac notch is an indentation formed on the left lung's medial margin
What is Dalton's law?
Each gas in a mixture of gases contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance
What is the larynx?
A cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis
What are the structures of the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, & pharynx
What kind of tissue is the lamina propria and what is its function?
Lamina propria is areolar tissue that underlays the epithelium
What is anoxia?
Complete lack of oxygen in tissues, which can rapidly lead to cell death
What is the most common cause of increased arterial blood PCO2?
Caused by abnormally low respiratory rate
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation
What is epistaxis?
The extensive vascularization of the nasal cavity and the vulnerable position of the nose make a nosebleed, or epistaxis
What type of pathogen is Pneumocystis jiroveci and what illness does it cause?
It is a fungus pathogen, and it causes Pneumocystis carinii
What is the common name for the pharynx and which two body systems share this structure?
The pharynx is also called the throat, and it is shared by the respiratory & digestive systems
What is Henry’s law?
Henry's Law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
What is Vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs
(VC = ERV + TV + IRV)
What is a pulmonary embolism?
A condition where a moving clot blocks a branch of the pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to a portion of the lung tissue
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle, Average td is 500 ml
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation
1. Where is the parietal pleura located?
2. Where is the visceral pleura located?
1. Parietal pleura – outer layer that lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall
2. Visceral pleura – inner layer that covers the outer surface of the lungs
What is the glottis and what is the common name for glottis?
The glottis, aka voice box, is a structure within the larynx that consists of the vocal folds and the rima glottidis
Where is the oropharynx located?
It extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone, posterior to the oral cavity
What is pneumonia and why is it dangerous?
It is the inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection or particles, it compromises the function of the blood-air barrier due to fluid buildup
What effect does contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles have on the thoracic cavity and lungs?
Contraction of those muscles increases the area of the thoracic cavity, and therefore the lungs, which lowers the pressure
What is the trachea and what is its common name?
The trachea, aka windpipe, is a tough and flexible tube that extends from the cricoid cartilage to the mediastinum
What causes pneumothorax?
Air enters the pleural cavity due to an injury to chest wall that penetrates the parietal pleura or rupture of alveoli that breaks through the visceral pleura
What is the difference between hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when comparing adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?
Fetal hemoglobin has a stronger affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin does, aiding the removal of oxygen from maternal blood