innATE
This rapid, non-specific first line of defense includes physical barriers and soluble factors that recognize general features of microbes
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
This slower but highly specific branch of immunity involves lymphocytes and generates long-lasting immunological memory
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
These are conserved molecular structures found on microbes, such as double-stranded RNA or flagellin, that are detected by the host
PAMPS
These Y-shaped proteins consist of two heavy and two light chains and have variable regions that bind specifically to antigens
ANTIBODIES
These Type I proteins (alpha and beta) help cells take "drastic measures" to block viral transcription and degrade single-stranded RNA
INTERFERONS
These small antimicrobial peptides, produced by epithelial and immune cells, kill pathogens by disrupting their membranes
DEFENSINS
The process by which mature but inactive lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen are selected for activation
CLONAL SELECTON
These cytoplasmic sensors are specifically designed to detect viral RNA within the host cell's cytoplasm
RLRS
This class of MHC molecules presents intracellular or "endogenous" antigens to cytotoxic T cells and is found on nearly all nucleated cells
MHC 1
These innate immune cells identify and kill infected host cells by detecting a reduced expression of MHC Class I molecules
NK CELLS
These circulating white blood cells are highly effective at phagocytosis but typically act quickly and die, often contributing to the formation of pus
NEUTROPHILS
This type of immune response is faster and more robust upon re-exposure to a pathogen because of the presence of memory cells
SECONARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
This group of membrane-bound receptors recognizes extracellular or endosomal PAMPs, such as the CpG motifs found in bacterial DNA
TLRS
GAMED
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
These "professional" antigen-presenting cells bridge the two immune systems by capturing pathogens and migrating to lymph nodes to activate T cells
DENDRITIC CELLS
This system of three activation pathways (classical, lectin, and alternative) converges to form a membrane attack complex that lyses pathogens
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
These "effector" B cells are rich in endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for actively secreting antibodies
PLASMA CELLS
This multiprotein complex activates caspase-1, which processes pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β into their active forms
This coreceptor, found on helper T cells, stabilizes the interaction with MHC Class II molecules and also serves as the receptor for HIV
The process where a cell is induced to kill itself, often triggered by NK cells or Cytotoxic T cells
APOPTOSIS
These long-lived tissue-resident cells act as sentinels, engulf microbes, and release cytokines to initiate inflammation
MACROPHAGES
This mechanism of self-tolerance ensures that self-reactive B and T cells die by apoptosis when they encounter a self-molecule
CLONAL DELETION
Mutations in the NOD2 receptor, which detects degradation products of bacterial peptidoglycans, are associated with this inflammatory bowel condition
CROHN'S DISEASE
This specific immunoglobulin class is associated with allergic reactions and the recruitment of eosinophils to kill parasitic worms
IG-E
These T cells specifically target and kill cells that present foreign viral peptides on their MHC Class I surface molecules
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS