A
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Cytosol
What is the sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions in the body?
Metabolism
In the presence of oxygen, where is pyruvate transported to in the cell?
Mitochondria
During glucose metabolism, what is an anaerobic process because it does not require oxygen to proceed?
Glycolysis
Which molecule is the most abundant storage form of lipid in the body?
Triglycerides
What process is used to catabolize fatty acids in the mitochondria?
Beta-oxidation
The reactions of the electron transport chain produce ATP by which type of phosphorylation?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the rate at which the body expends energy while at rest to maintain vital functions?
Basal Metabolic Rate
How many ATP molecules are produced from the catabolism of one 18-carbon fatty acid molecule?
120 ATP molecules
What is lipogenesis?
The synthesis of lipids
Which group of lipoproteins is considered “bad cholesterol”?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
What are the component parts of one triglyceride molecule?
1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
Which step of cellular respiration utilizes molecules called cytochromes?
Electron Transport Chain
What is an anabolic reaction?
Synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones
What 2 places is glycogen mainly stored?
In the liver & skeletal muscles
What is glycogenolysis?
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose monomers
What is brown fat?
Brown fat is adipose tissue in heme containing mitochondria
What happens to pyruvate if there are inadequate amounts of oxygen in the cell? (the molecule produced is also known as lactic acid)
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate and NAD is oxidized from NADH
What is convection?
Heat loss to air that moves across the surface of the body
Why are linolenic acid and linoleic acid considered essential fatty acids?
Because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet
What is a ketone body?
A ketone body is an organic compound produced by fatty acid metabolism that dissociates in solution, releasing a H+.
What are 3 factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy?
- Proteins are more difficult to break apart than complex carbohydrates or lipids
- One by-product, ammonium ions, is toxic to cells
- Proteins form the most important structural and functional components of cells. Therefore, extensive protein catabolism threatens homeostasis at the cellular and system level
What occurs during the absorptive state?
The absorptive state is a period following a meal when nutrients are being absorbed and used for growth, maintenance, and to replenish energy reserves. Lasts about 4 hours.
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
The generation of ATP as the result of the transfer of electrons from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a sequence of electron carriers within the mitochondria
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules (3-carbon molecules other than pyruvate)