Psychoanalytic Theories
Who coined the term Psychoanalytic Theory?
Sigmund Freuds
What is positive reinforcement?
Social conditioning by adding something desirable to incentivize people.
According to Jean Piaget, are children passive or active learners?
They are active learners who build their understanding of the world.
What did Charles Darwin’s work see human behaviours as?
Having a need for survival.
What is the Ecological Systems Theory?
Interactions within nested environmental systems that influence development.
From local contexts like family and school to more general societal influences, like culture and laws.
What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
First Theory studying childhood development and how the mind works.
What is Negative reinforcement?
Behaviour changes when a negative aspect is removed.
What did Piaget call mental pockets used to arrange children’s understanding?
Schemas
What is the central idea of “survival of the fittest”?
Adaptation, not physical strength.
What is the Dynamic Systems Theory?
As opposed to a fixed genetic blueprint, growth is a non-linear, self-organizing process where behaviour develops from the ongoing, complex interaction of multiple systems, demonstrating that development is versatile, context-dependent, and driven by small changes that can trigger big shifts in skills.
Freud claimed there are 3 personality parts, what are the 3 classifications?
1. ID- immediate gratification
2. Ego- children negotiate between reality vs. desire
3. Superego- moral principles
What is the Classical Conditioning Theory?
What is the process called when inserting new information into the schemas?
Assimilation
What is the relation of ethology to imprinting?
Imprinting is a type of automatic behaviour in the natural environment.
Ex.the automatic instinct of newborn geese following the first moving (which is meant to be their mother)
According to dynamic systems theory, what 3 factors interact to shape child development?
Child, Task, Environment
According to Freud‘s Psychosexual Theory, what is the Oral stage and age range?
1. Pleasure- focused on the mouth “taking in”
Ex. Sucking, biting, tasting
2. Infancy
What is Operant Conditioning Theory?
Behaviours controlled by consequences.
At which stage does abstract and hypothetical thinking develop?
Formal Operational stage.
What behaviour is imprinting similar to in humans?
Infant parent attachment styles.
What are the 5 systems Bronfenbrenner claims shape an individuals growth and development?
Microsystems, Mesosystem, Exosystems, Macrosystem, & Chronosystem
A child begins thumb-sucking again after starting school is showing a return to an earlier behaviour in response to stress.
What is regression
A child cleans their room more often after receiving candy each time they do so, this is an example of behavior being shaped by consequences.
What is reinforcement?
A child learns that cats, dogs, and horses are all animals after previously thinking dogs were the only animals, what is it called when a mental framework has been adjusted?
Accommodation
A child’s instinctive fear of strangers and loud noises is explained as behavior that increased survival across generations.
What are adaptive behaviours
What concept explains why babies can reach the same developmental outcome, such as independent movement, through different paths like crawling, scooting, or skipping crawling altogether?
Equifinality