Sizes & Locations
1. Which cells are almost always bigger, bacteria cells or plant cells?
*Bonus 100* Which cells are almost always bigger, archaea cells or animal cells?
1. plant cells
* animal cells*
Euk. Cells can be very unique (specialized cells). List 2 of 3 features that ALL Euk. cells share
1. DNA in (memb.-bound *obvi.*) Nucleus
2. Mito. = ATP production *aka Energy*
3. Memb.-Bound Organelles and 'Endomembrane System'
For euk. organisms... Why would different cell types of contain different numbers, types, and/or sizes of their organelles?
Euk. Cells are specialized! Organelles perform specialized func.s!!!
As volume increases, surface area (does/does not) increase proportionally.
does not!
What we refer to a Cell Memb. as. *HINT: describes the struc.*
*double pts if you can explain where heads and tails 'spontaneously' orient themselves*
What is a Phospholipid Bilayer?
*hydrophilic heads on the outside/inside (EZ cause thats where the water is)
-hydrophobic tails tucked inside*
Type of microscope that has the potential to see proteins, viruses, and small molecules?
What is an Electron Microscope?
List 2 of 4 features that are specific to Plant Cells
*bonus 100 for ea. func. you can give*
1. cell wall made of cellulose (structure/support obvi.)
2. central vacuole = swells w/ water and nutrients (structure via turgor pressure)
3. chloroplasts = photosynthesis (energy storage/use)
4. Plasmodesmata = pores between cells (cell-to-cell comm.)
the Rough ER is "rough" because it has these bound to it...
*Dbl. Pts. if you can explain the diff. between these ones that are "bound" and ones that are free-floating*
What are ribosomes?
*loc. is different... and the ribo.s that make prot.s in the cytoplasm are usually fully functional (no mod.s needed obvi.)
Refers to how only some molecules can pass in and out of a cell...
*dbl. pts. if you can tell us which molecules CAN pass through*
What is 'Semi-Permeability'?
*small, nonpolar molecules (like O2 and CO2)*
Hair-like extensions in Prok. Cells that function for movement; also senses environment
What is Pili / Flagella?
*think rotors on boat or airplane;
*"the flagella flaps"*
Give the range of Cell Sizes
approx. 1-100μm *micrometers/microns*
Give 2 of 3 cell types that have a 'Cell Wall'
*DBL. PTS. if you give one specific name for a specific cell wall type*
1. Plant Cells = cell wall
2. Bacteria Cells = peptidoglycan
3. Archaea Cells
*fungi = chitin*
1. What is Cell Theory?
-Give the 3 Principles of Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are made of cells! (E-Z)
2. a) smallest units of 'life'
b) all known lifeforms are composed of cells
c) cells come from other cells
1. Where do ribosomes get produced?
2. What produces prot.s?
1. Nucleolus
2. Ribosomes are the "Prot. Factory"
A polysacc.-rich capsule that Prok. cells have
-function is increased 'pathogenicity'
what is Mucilage?
Even though bigger cells = more chem. reactions... Why are cells so small?
To maintain Surface Area to Volume Ratio!
It requires energy to move things to the surface (aka membrane). We can't afford to have things too far from memb.
List the 4 things that Both Euk. and Prok. Cells have in common.
*in other words... what do ALL cells have?*
1. chromosomes (DNA/RNA)
2. Ribosomes (aka Protein Factory!)
3. membranes (E-Z)
4. cytosol *think sol-ution*
Give the 2 fxn.s for the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (aka Smooth ER/SER)
1. Lipid Synthesis! (important, eh?)
2. Detox.!
the process of converting the gene's DNA code into prot. or RNA
*HINT: known as the 'central dogma' of biology*
*bonus 100 if you can give the loc. where this process begins*
What is Gene Expression?
*Begins in the nucleus, where DNA is stored!*
Give the name for both proteins:
a) embedded directly in the hydrophobic layer of the cell memb.
b) the prot. that is bound to it 👆
a) What is an Integral Prot.?
b) Peripheral Prot.
List 3 major components of the plasma memb. that makes it a "fluid mosaic"
1. Cholesterol = buffers memb. fluidity
2. Glycocalyx = carb chains seen coming off lipids & prot.s in picture
3. Proteins (duh!)
Give 4 of 5 differences in Prok. and Euk. Organisms
1. the domain they're in
2. Euk. Cells have MEMB.-BOUND ORGANELLES, Prok. cells are a "soup"
3. Euk. Cells have a NUCLEUS, Prok. cells do not.
4. Size differences
5. Euk. Organisms are usually MULTICELLULAR, Prok. Organisms are UNICELLULAR
6. Euk. organisms usually repro. sexually. Prok. organisms usually Asexually.
Give the 4 major components of the 'Endomembrane System' in order
*bonus 100 for each fxn. you can give*
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER and Rough ER) = *prot./lipid synthesis and chemical mod.s*
2. Golgi Apparatus =*further mod.s by enzymes (for specific functions of prot.s or lipids obvi.)*
3. Transport 'Vesicles' = *transport products (carbs, lipids, and prot.s) either out of the cell or to other organelles*
4. other organelles *lysosomes and peroxisomes = digestion enzymes that "take out the trash and the recycling!"*
when DNA is used as a template to make 'Messenger RNA' (mRNA) in the nucleus.
*For full pts: Where is the next process located, and what gets synthesized?*
What is Transcription?
*What is Translation? -occurs in cytoplasm to produce Prots!*
Briefly des. the fxn.s and struc.s of the Mitochondria and the Golgi Apparatus
1. Mitochondria produces ATP (euk. cells) through chem. dig. and H2O as a waste product
struc.= contains 'inner'-memb. matrix, ribosomes, and their own DNA w/ 37 genes
2. Golgi Apparatus receives, modifies, packages, and ships out cargo
struc.="stacks of pita bread" w/ vesicles budding off