Mechanisms of Injury
What occurs when x-rays strike patient tissue and produce a positive atom and a dislodged electron?
What type of effects occur shortly after radiation exposure?
What are short-term effects
What is the unit used to measure exposure in radiation?
What is the roentgen (R)
What is the main source of natural background radiation?
What includes cosmic radiation and terrestrial radiation
What is the estimated risk of a fatal outcome from dental radiation?
What is 1 in a million
Which type of radiation injury occurs when x-ray photons are absorbed and toxins are formed?
What is the indirect theory
What are the two main categories of biological effects from radiation?
What are somatic and genetic effects
What does the term "milli" indicate in radiation measurement?
What means 1/1000
What human-made sources of radiation are commonly encountered?
What includes medical radiation from procedures like dental imaging and radiation therapy
How does smoking compare to dental radiation risk?
What is equivalent to smoking 1.4 cigarettes a day
What is a free radical?
What is an uncharged atom or molecule with a single, unpaired electron in its outer most shell
How does radiation affect tissues and organs?
What can cause both immediate and long-term-term damage
What unit is used to express dose equivalent in radiation?
What is the sievert (Sv)
How much background radiation does an individual in the U.S. typically receive per year?
What is between 150 to 300 mrads
What are the risks associated with thyroid gland exposure to radiation?
What can increase the risk of thyroid cancer
What is the significance of the linear, nonthreshold dose-response curve?
What indicates that some biological damage occurs no matter how small the radiation dose
What does the term "stochastic effect" refer to?
What is the probability of an effect occurring increases with dose, but the severity is not dose-dependent
What is the purpose of radiation measurements in dental imaging?
What is to ensure patient safety and minimize exposure
What are some examples of artificial radiation sources?
What includes consumer products and fallout from atomic weapons?
What should be considered when evaluating risk versus benefit of dental images?
What involves weighing potential health risks against diagnostic benefits
Which mechanism results in cell damage when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas within the cell?
What is the direct theory
What is the difference between somatic and genetic effects?
What does dose measurement refer to in radiation?
What quantifies the amount of radiation absorbed by tissues
How does cosmic radiation contribute to overall exposure?
: What comes from stars and the sun?
How do risk estimates help in patient safety?
What guides decisions on the necessity and frequency of imaging procedures