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100

Subculture

a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects 

100

reflex

automatic reaction to physical stimuli 

100

informal sanctions

a reward or punishment that can be applied by most members of a group 

100

formal sanctions

a sanction imposed by persons given special authority 

100

society

a specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture 

200

material culture

the concrete, tangible objects of a culture 

200

nonmaterial cultural

ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior

200

ethnocentrism

judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards

200

taboo

a rule of behavior; the violation of which calls for strong punishment

200

instincts 

innate (not learned) patterns of behavior

300

folkways

a norm that lacks moral significance

300

sociobiology

the study of how biology influences human behavior

300

values

broad idea of what is good/desirable shared by people in society 

300

social categories

people who share a social characteristic 

300

mores

a norm that has moral dimension and that should be followed by members of the society 

400

sanctions

reward or punishment used to encourage people to follow rules

400

beliefs

an idea about the nature of reality

400

drive

impulse to reduce discomfort

400

law

a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials 

400

real culture

actual behavior patterns of members of a group

500

cultural particulars

a way in which a culture expresses universal traits

500

ideal culture 

cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept 

500

hypothesis of linguistic relativity

theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language 

500

Counterculture

a sub culture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture 

500

cultural universals

a general trait that appears in all cultures