The Bouncers (First & Second Lines of Defense)
In humans, the first line of defense against infection is __________.
the inflammatory response
the cell-mediated response
the humeral response
the skin and mucous membranes
adaptive immunity
the skin and mucous membranes
Local swelling, increased blood flow, and fever are all parts of __________.
an inflammatory response
passive immunity
cell-mediated immunity
active immunity
humoral immunity
an inflammatory response
Which is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
It has the ability to detect very specific pathogens.
It is found only in invertebrates.
It is common to all animals.
Responses are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.
Responses are active immediately upon infection.
It has the ability to detect very specific pathogens.
Once you have been exposed to an antigen, you develop immunity against the same antigen because __________.
certain lymphocytes enable the rapid formation of the proper antibodies
antibodies against the disease are constantly circulating in your blood
B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders
your innate defenses are strengthened
antigens are altered so that the invaders can no longer attack your tissues
certain lymphocytes enable the rapid formation of the proper antibodies
A vaccine may contain __________.
inactivated disease-causing microbes
white blood cells that fight infection
lymphocyte antigens
antibodies that recognize invading microbes
a hormone that boosts immunity
inactivated disease-causing microbes
Phagocytosis is best defined as __________.
the cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign substances
the secretion of antimicrobial peptides
the process by which a cell engulfs and takes up a liquid
the fusion of an intracellular vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell
the process of activating memory T cells
the cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign substances
Which is an immediate function of histamine?
releasing interferons
causing local arterioles to constrict
increasing blood pressure
decreasing the permeability of local capillaries
Nearby blood vessels dilate, becoming more permeable and resulting in an increase of the local blood supply. This causes redness and an increase in temperature.
Nearby blood vessels dilate, becoming more permeable and resulting in an increase of the local blood supply. This causes redness and an increase in temperature.
An adaptive immune response is initiated by the presence of which molecules?
interferon
histamine
antibody
antigen
complement
antigen
Which types of cells initiate a secondary immune response?
natural killer cells
effector cells
memory cells
cytotoxic cells
plasma cells
memory cells
The idea behind vaccination is to induce __________ without requiring the vaccinated individual to get sick.
nonspecific defenses
anaphylactic shock
passive immunity
the primary immune response
inflammation
the primary immune response
In insects, which is analogous to mammalian epithelial tissue, in that it serves as a first line of defense against infection?
the production of chemicals that kill microbes
hemocytes that engage in phagocytosis
a chitinous exoskeleton
lysozymes
the production of a distinct class of antimicrobial peptides
a chitinous exoskeleton
If microorganisms penetrate the innate defenses, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the __________.
release of chemicals such as histamine by mast cells
discharge of cytokines from neutrophils
accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area
release of interferon by infected cells
increased blood flow to an infected or injured area
release of chemicals such as histamine by mast cells
Antibodies are in which class of proteins?
structural
enzymatic
transport
receptor
None of the choices is correct.
receptor
The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a specific invader is most like __________.
selecting a lottery prize winner by means of a random drawing
going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you
going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits
ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu
picking out a video that you have not seen
going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits
Our immune system does not usually attack our own healthy tissues because such lymphocytes are __________.
destroyed or rendered nonfunctional
never produced
converted into other cells of the immune system
All of the choices are correct.
None of the choices is correct.
destroyed or rendered nonfunctional
What do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?
They attack virus-infected body cells.
They are the two types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body.
They secrete lysozyme.
They punch a hole in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, causing the cell to burst.
They stimulate antibody production.
hemocytes that engage in phagocytosis
They are the two types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body.
What is part of the inflammatory response?
clonal selection of B and T lymphocytes followed by the production of effector cells
production of antibodies
production of memory cells
dilation of the capillaries
constriction of the arterioles
dilation of the capillaries
The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why do we say these regions are called variable?
They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.
They can change their shapes to fit different antigens.
Their sizes vary considerably from one antibody to another.
Their specific shapes are unimportant.
Their shape is specific to a particular antibody molecule.
Their shape is specific to a particular antibody molecule.
The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as __________.
an autoimmune response
a cascade mechanism
an activation sequence
antigenic determination
clonal selection
clonal selection
New flu shots are needed every year to protect against infection because of __________.
latency
direct attack on the immune system
expiration
antigenic variation
None of the choices is correct.
antigenic variation
Which statement describes what would most likely happen to microbes in the blood?
They are phagocytosed by natural killer cells.
They are phagocytosed by neutrophils.
They are phagocytosed by dendritic cells.
They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.
They are phagocytosed by eosinophils.
They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.
Chemicals produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a defense are called __________.
interferons
cytokines
complement proteins
antibodies
antigens
interferons
Which cell type carries out humoral immunity?
natural killer cells
T cells
lymphocytes
leukocytes
B cells
B cells
In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. What would you predict as a likely result?
The mice never developed cancerous tumors.
The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.
The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response.
The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
The mice suffered from numerous allergies.
The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible.
MHC proteins
cytokines
erythrocytes
blood type
antibodies
MHC proteins