Gas Exchange
What ratio determines the efficiency of gas exchange across respiratory membranes?
What is surface area:volume?
Is the diaphragm skeletal or smooth muscle?
What is skeletal muscle?
What structure do hydras and jellies use to circulate water? (hint... it is also used for digestion)
What is a gastrovascular cavity?
Blood is considered to be a connective tissue. What are the cells and what is the extracellular matrix?
Cells: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Extracellular matrix: plasma
What are the names of the types of blood vessels that can be found in the human body?
What are arteries, veins, and capillaries?
These three evolutionary changes have occurred to increase gas exchange rate
What is...Increase the surface area
Decrease the distance
Increase the concentration difference?
The ____ in mammalian lungs are surrounded by an extensive ____ network and increase the ____ area available for gas exchange.
What is alveoli; capillary; surface
What is the difference between the open circulatory system of an insect and the closed circulatory system of a mammal?
In open systems, hemolymph (not blood) is directly pumped into the body cavity and interacts with organs. In a closed system, blood is shuttled through vessels to organs, but does not enter the body cavity itself.
What pigment in red blood cells allows them to transport oxygen? What part of this pigment actually binds the oxygen?
Hemoglobin
The iron within the hemoglobin binds the oxygen
The main function of the lymphatic system is to do what?
Help body fight infection and disease.
What is the term for movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration (hint... this process does not require energy)?
What is passive diffusion?
What drives air flow into/out of the lungs upon thoracic volume changes created by the respiratory muscles?
What is pressure differences between the thoracic cavity and the atmosphere?
What does it mean when a circulatory system has double circulation?
Blood travels two different pathways in the body - between the heart and the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and between the heart and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
White blood cells (leucocytes), are less abundant than red blood cells, larger, and are important for which body function?
Immunity and infection resistance
What do the AV valves in the heart do? The semilunar valves?
The AV valves prevent blood from flowing from the ventricles back into the atria. The semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing from the pulmonary/aortic arteries back into the ventricles.
Why is it important that terrestrial animals have internalized lungs?
What is they reduce evaporation/desiccation?
True or false: contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity, while relaxation of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
What is false?
What heart chamber receives low oxygen blood from the body, and what chamber pumps high oxygen blood to the rest of the body?
The right atrium
The left ventricle
If you get cut and the blood does not clot, what component of the blood is not functioning properly?
The Platelets
What is the state of the ventricles during diastole? What about during systole?
The ventricles are relaxed and filling during diastole, while during systole they are contracted/pumping.
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, because the circulatory system is not connected to the respiratory system, is done by what in insects?
The tracheal system: tiny holes in the exoskeletons of insects
What part of the central nervous system controls the breathing muscles?
What is the brainstem?
What groups have the most complex circulatory systems?
Mammals, birds, and crocodilians
True or false: Blood plasma cannot contain hormones (proteins) because it is a liquid.
False: blood plasma contains nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, and several types of proteins.
What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
built in pacemaker, regulated by the nervous system