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Which principle of growth states that growth occurs from the top down?
Cephelocaudal principle
True or False: Sensory and Motor development follows the cephalocaudal principle
True, infants learn to use the upper parts of their body before the lower parts
Which principle of growth states that growth occurs from inner to outer?
proximodistal principle
According to proximodistal principle, which would develop first in the womb? which would be the last?
head and trunk first, finger and toes last
first 3 years of life
True or false: Breast-feeding should begin 1 week after the baby is born
False, it should be immediately after birth
Give at least 3 benefits of breast-feeding for babies
• Are less likely to contract infectious illnesses such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, otitis media (an infection of the middle ear), and staphylococcal, bacterial,
and urinary tract infections.
• Have a lower risk of SIDS and of postneonatal death.
• Have less risk of inflammatory bowel disease.
• Have better visual acuity, neurological development, and long-term cardiovascular
health, including cholesterol levels.
• Are less likely to develop obesity, asthma, eczema, diabetes, lymphoma, childhood
leukemia, and Hodgkin’s disease.
• Are less likely to show language and motor delays.
• Score higher on cognitive tests at school age and into young adulthood.
• Have fewer cavities and are less likely to need braces.
What else should a baby consume for the first 6 months of their life?
only breast-feed or iron-fortified formula
Give an example of a proximodistal principle
babies can move limbs, then arm, wrist, then fingers
True or false: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are already starting to form in the fetus
True
Which part of the brain is responsible for such basic bodily functions as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and the sleep-wake cycle?
brain stem
Which part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination?
Cerebellum
What are parts of the cerebrum? explain each part (the major parts are only 3)
left - language and logic
right - visual and spatial
corpus callosum - sharing information and coordinate commands
What are the 5 major sensory, motor, and cognitive milestones of infancy and toddlerhood
smiling, babbling, crawling, walking, talking
What are the two type of cells found in the brain? Explain each
Neurons, or nerve cells - send and receive information.
Glia, or glial cells - nourish and protect the neurons and is the support system for our neurons.
What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemisphere? Explain the functions
occipital - vision
parietal - help move our bodies and manipulate objects
temporal - smells and sounds, involved in memory
frontal - higher-order processes (reasoning, planning, problem solving)
Explain Cell Death
When early experience shape the paths in our brain, unused paths are pruned
Explain what is the primitive reflex? Give at least 3 examples
automatic survival responses controlled by the brainstem
Moro, babinski, sucking, rooting
What is used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify
children who are not developing normally?
Denver Developmental Screening Test
Give an example of a gross motor skill and a fine motor skill
Gross motor skill - baby walking
fine motor skill - picking a small object with their finger from the floor
give an example of integration and differentiation
integration - When a baby reaches for a toy, neurons in the visual cortex (to see the toy), the parietal lobe (to judge distance and location), and the motor cortex (to move the arm and hand) work together.
differentiation - in the motor cortex, some neurons become responsible for controlling arm movement, others specialize in finger movement.
During the motor development of a baby, when does social referencing usually happen? what is social referencing?
Locomotion (6-10 months)
Social referencing is when a baby learns how to look at their caregivers for clues whether it's safe or not
What is the difference between Depth Perception and Haptic Perception? Give an example for each
Depth perception, the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions
example - When a baby reaches out for a toy that’s a little too far and accidentally grabs the nothing
Haptic perception - ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them
example - When a baby grabs a soft stuffed animal and squeezes it, they learn what it feels like
What is the DST?
dynamic systems theory (DST) - Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.
How does culture influence motor development? give examples
Some cultures actively encourage early development of motor skills, while others discourage early motor development.