Monk-eying Around
The monastery founded in 910 in Burgundy, France, that focused on the spiritual life of each individual monk and gained a prestigious reputation in Europe during its era.
What is Cluny? (The abbey at Cluny)
Islam had spread into much of the Christian world, but it was this Frankish king of the Carolingian line who stopped its expansion into western Europe.
Who is Charles Martel?
The appointment of family members to important positions of authority.
What is nepotism?
A form of Gnosticism, the Christian Inquisition was largely a response to the spreading of this heresy.
What is the Albigensian heresy?
Norsemen from Scandinavia known for their innovation in seafaring, the longship.
Who are the Vikings?
What are the Cistercians?
At the Byzantine Empire's request, he held a council in Clermont and proclaimed an organized assault in defense of Christian Europe, the Crusades.
Who is Pope Urban II?
The selling of ecclesiastical offices, pardons, or emoluments by either secular or spiritual leaders.
What is simony?
The name for the judges appointed by the Pope during the Inquisition to determine the fate of those accused of heresy.
One who is not - but claims to be - the legitimate Pope.
What is an antipope?
Founded by St. Bruno at Chartreuse, France, this order of monks sought to emulate the life of a desert hermit within a monastery context.
What are the Carthusians?
The most successful effort of its kind; from 1095–1099 this popular movement drew four armies from all over Europe to Constantinople and from there to conquer the Holy Land.
What is the First Crusade?
The appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers, often in exchange for temporal protection.
What is lay investiture?
These "good men" were highly respected individuals chosen during the Inquisition to give verdict on cases and advise the punishment.
Who are boni viri?
Signed in 843, this divided the Carolingian Empire into three regions, which led to the eventual destruction of the empire.
What is the Treaty of Verdun?
Founded in 1118 by a group of nine French knights, this military order created a banking system which helped set up an early form of capitalism in Europe.
Who are the Knights Templar?
In the First Crusade, Christians took Nicaea, Edessa, Antioch, and this city, a siege which unfortunately resulted in a brutal massacre of Muslims and Jews alike.
What is Jerusalem?
The Church's tie to this political/economic system led to abuses that were arguably more destructive to the Church than the Roman persecutions.
What is feudalism?
The Spanish Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV authorized these two Spanish Catholic monarchs to root out heresies in the kingdom.
Who are Ferdinand and Isabella?
The Duke of Aquitaine and founder of the Abbey at Cluny in 910.
Who is William the Pious?
The Teutonic Knights, who helped aid German expansion along the Baltic, remained a cohesive group until the 16th c. when the Grandmaster abandoned Catholicism and became the Lutheran Duke of this nation-state.
What is Prussia?
Many historians believe the Christians sacked Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade because they believed the people of Constantinople sided with this successful Muslim military leader, a key player in the Third Crusade.
Who is Saladin?
Pope St. Gregory VII issued this decree, which said that the Pope had powers bestowed upon him by God alone, powers that notably included appointing bishops. It also said the Pope could depose an emperor.
What is the Dictatus Papae?
Of all the punishments of the Spanish Inquisition, the worst was when one was "relaxado en persona," or, in English, this.
What is burned at the stake?
The two monastic orders whose excellent theological and spiritual formation, along with popularity and moral authority, prompted the Pope to appoint their members as independent inquisitors.
Who are the Franciscan and the Dominican monks?