State of Consciousness
The four stages of sleep.
What are Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 (Slow-Wave), and Stage 4 (REM)?
Not a method used at a magic show, rather a technique used in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient.
What is Hypnosis?
___________ responses are learned, while ___________ are unlearned.
What are Conditioned and Unconditioned responses?
When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus generalization?
A mental picture of the layout an environment.
What is a Cognitive Map?
Knowing both the story of a dream as well as the meaning behind the dream.
What are Manifest and Latent Content?
This occurs when a person requires more and more doses of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
What is Tolerance?
Learning which occurs but is not seen in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it or some type of incentive.
What is Observational Learning?
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
What is Shaping?
Sleep walking, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of these unwanted sleep disorders.
What are Parasomnias?
When abused, this highly addictive drug can cause nausea, elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia; however, it has commonly been prescribed to children diagnosed with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) because it increases neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain.
What are Amphetamines?
The process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior.
What is Vicarious Punishment?
The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
What is Acquisition?
Scolding a student for texting in class can be an example of this type of operant conditioning.
What is Positive Punishment?
When the airway becomes blocked and air is prevented from entering the lungs.
What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
When an individual becomes emotionally dependent on a drug.
What is Psychological Dependence?
Learning which occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it or some type of incentive.
What is Latent Learning?
After [classical] conditioning has occured, this behavior is caused by the conditioned stimulus.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
Reinforcers which have inherent reinforcing qualities that do not need to be learned.
What are Primary Reinforcers?
Is generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which serves as the brain’s clock mechanism.
What is Circadian Rhythm?
Used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders.
What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
The four steps in the process of modeling in order for learning to be successful.
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Reproduction
4. Motivation
An established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, so eventually the new stimulus also causes the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned stimulus being presented.
What is Higher-Order Conditioning?
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior.
What is Continuous Reinforcement?