Glands/Nodes
Which gland in the neck is the largest and has a role in many metabolic processes?
A. Adrenal
B. Pineal
C. Thymus
D. Thyroid
C. Thymus
Rationale: The thyroid (D) is the largest gland and regulates metabolism. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones that assist in regulating metabolism and other functions. The pineal gland (B) helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and being awake. The thymus gland (C) produces white blood cells, thus playing a key role in immunity.
Which muscle's main responsibility is closing during mastication?
A. Lateral pterygoid
B. Masseter
C. Medial pterygoid
D. Temporalis
B. Masseter
Rationale: the masseter (B) is the main muscle responsible for closing demandable during mastication. The lateral pterygoid muscle (A) protrudes and depresses the mandible. Assisting with closure includes the medial pterygoid (C). It also helps protrude the mandible. The temporalis muscle (D) assists with retracting and elevating the mandible.
Which intraoral structure links the oral and nasal cavities, and also serves as a passageway for air, food, and drink?
A. Esophagus
B. Larynx
C. Pharynyx
D. Trachea
C. Pharynyx
Rationale: The pharynx (C) links the oral and nasal cavities and serves as a passageway for both air and food. The function of the esophagus (A) is to transport food from the mouth, through the throat, and into the stomach. The function of the larynx (B) is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing. The function of the trachea (D) is to transport air in and out of the lungs during breathing.
Which function is affected when the hypoglossal nerve is injured?
A. Mastication
B. Salivation
C. Swallowing
D. Tongue movement
D. Tongue movement
Rationale: The hypoglossal nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue. Therefore, an injury could influence tongue movement (D). Options (A, B, C) do not correctly define the question.
What number of incisors does a normal adult dentition have?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 12
D. 16
B. 8
Rationale: the normal adult human dentition has four incisors in the maxillary arch and four in the mandible arch, totaling eight (B). Options (A, C, D) do not correctly define the question.
Through which duct does the parotid gland drain its secretion?
A. Bartholin's
B. Stensen's
C. Submaindibular
D. Wharton's
B. Stensen's
Rationale: The parotid duct empties its secetions into Stensen's duct (B). Bartolin's (A) or Duct of Rivinus ducts are associated with the sublingual gland. The duct associated with the submandibular gland is Wharton's (D) or submandibular gland (C).
Which muscle opens and closes the mandible?
A. Lateral Pterygoid
B. Masseter
C. Platysma
D. Sternocleidomastoid
B. Masseter
Rationale: The masseter (B) is the main muscle used for chewing and helps open and close the mandible. The later pterygoid muscle (A) retracts and elevates the mandible. The platysma muscle (C) is located in the neck and contributes to producing facial expressions. The SCM (D) is also located in the neck and is responsible for rotating the head to the opposite side.
Which part of the tongue detect sweet tastes?
A. Back
B. Front
C. Middle
D. Sides
B. Front
The greatest sensitivity to tasting sweets is on the tip (Front) of the tongue (B). The back of the tongue (A) detects bitter-tasting foods. Options (C and D) do not correctly define the question.
Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the mandibular central incisors?
A. Lingual
B. Inferior alveolar
C. Mental
D. Superior alveolar
B. Inferior alveolar
Rationale: the inferior alveolar nerve (B) offers sensory innovation to the teeth. The lingual nerve (A) provides sensory innovation to the lingual gingiva. The mental nerve (C) provides sensory innovation to the buckle gingiva interior to the mental foramen. The superior alveolar learner provides sensory innovation to the maxillary teeth.
Which permanent tooth erupts first?
A. mandibular first molar
B. mandibular central incisor
C. Mandibular lateral incisor
D. maxillary central incisor
A. mandibular first molar
Rationale: the mandibular first molars (A) erupt first, followed by the mandibular central incisors (B). The mandibular lateral (C) and maxillary central incisors (D) erupt approximately between the ages seven and eight.
Which note strained from the submandibular nodes?
A. inferior deep cervical
B. submandibular
C. Submental
D. superior deep cervical
D. superior deep cervical
Rationale: the superior deep cervical nodes (D) drain fluid from the submandibular nodes. The inferior deep cervical nodes (A) drain fluid from the superior and occipital nodes. The submandibular nodes (B) drain fluid from all teeth, except the mandibular incisors and possibly third molars. The submental nodes (C) drain fluid from the mandibular incisors, tip of the tongue, midline of lip, chin, and floor of the mouth.
Which muscle of mastication retracts the mandible?
A. Lateral pterygoid
B. Masseter
C. Medial pterygoid
D. Temporalis
D. Temporalis
Rationale: the temporalis (D) muscle is responsible for retracting the mandible. The lateral pterygoid muscle (A) protrudes and depresses demandable. The masseter muscle (B)is responsible for elevating the mandible as well. The medial pterygoid muscle (C) elevates and protrude the mandible.
Which three parts comprise the temporal bone?
A. mastoid, petrous, external auditory meatus
B. Petrous, external auditory meatus, mastoid process
C. Squamous, tympanic, mastoid
D. tympanic, styloid, squamous
C. Squamous, tympanic, mastoid
Rationale: the temporal bone consists of the squamous, tympanic, and mastoid parts. Options (A, B, D) do not correctly define the question.
Which cranial nerve innovates the muscles of mastication?
A. Facial (VII)
B. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
C. Hypoglossal (XII)
D. Trigeminal (V)
D. Trigeminal (V)
Rationale: the muscles in mastication are majorly in innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (D). The facial nerve (A) controls facial movement and expression. The glossopharyngeal nerve (B) provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to the mouth and throat. The hypoglossal nerve (C) is responsible for sensation to the tongue.
Which tooth tissue has the same mineralization as bone?
A. cementum
B. dentin
C. enamel
D. pulp
A. cementum
Rationale: cementum (A) consist of the same mineralization as bone---50%. Dentin (B) has a mineralization content of 70%; whereas enamel (C) is the hardest tissue in the body at 96% mineralization. The pulp (D) is composed of soft tissue containing fibroblast, Adon, blasts, histiocytes, blood vessels, and nerves.
Which gland produces the majority of saliva?
A. Minor
B. Parotid
C. Sublingual
D. Submandibular
D. Submandibular
Raitonale: the submandibular gland (D) produces approximately 65% of total saliva. The minor gland (A) secretes immunoglobin A and muffins. The parotid glands (B) produce 25% and the sublingual glands (C) produce 10% of the total saliva.
Which muscle mastication inserts at the angle and Raymus of the mandible?
A. lateral pterygoid
B. masseter
C. Medial pterygoid
D. temporalis
B. masseter
Rationale: the masseter muscle (B) inserts at the outer surface (angle and ramus) of the mandible. The insertion for the lateral pterygoid muscle (A) is at the neck of the mandibular condyle and TMJ disc. The insertion for the medial pterygoid muscle (C) is at the medial surface of the angle of the mandible. The temporalis muscle (D) inserts at the coronoid process, distal to the mandibular third molar.
Which heart structure carries oxygenated blood?
A. left atrium
B. right atrium
C. Superior vena cava
D. tricuspid valve.
A. left atrium
Rationale: the left atrium (A) carries oxygenated blood. The right atrium (B), superior vena cava (C), and tricuspid (D) carry deoxygenated blood.
Which salivary gland is innovated by cranial nerve IX?
A. minor
B. parotid
C. Sublingual
D. submandibular
B. parotid
Rationale: the parotid gland (B) is innovated by cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal). The minor glands (A) are most likely innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. The sublingual (C) and submandibular glands (D) are innovated by cranial nerve VI (facial nerve).
Which structure develops from the embryonic process of the first brachial arch?
A. anterior portion of the tongue
B. Center of nose
C. Forehead
D. nasal septum
A. anterior portion of the tongue
Rationale: the first brachial arch is responsible for forming many structures of the face and anterior portion of the tongue (A). Options (B, C, D) do not correctly define the question.
At which location does the submandibular gland duct open?
A. maxillary molars
B. mandibular molars
C. Mandibular incisors
D. maxillary incisors
C. Mandibular incisors
Rationale: the um, mandibular gland duct opens near mandibular incisors (C). Options (A, B, D) do not correctly define the question
Which muscles are primarily responsible for moving and stabilizing the hyoid bone?
A. Infrahyoid
B. Palatopharyngeus
C. Stylohyoid
D. Suprahyoid
D. Suprahyoid
Rationale:The suprahyoid muscles (D) assist in swallowing by moving and stabilizing the hyoid bone. (options A, B, C) do not properly define the question
Which mucosa is keratinized?
A. Filiform
B. Lining
C. Masticatory
D. Specialized
C. Masticatory
Rationale: the masticatory mucosa (C) is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Options (A, B, D) are typically not keratinized.
To which cranial nerve is the mandibular nerve a major branch?
A. eighth
B. fifth
C. Seventh
D. tenth
B. fifth
Rationale: the mandibular nerve is the largest branch of the fifth cranial nerve (B). Options (A, C, D) do not correctly define the question.
Which tooth structure forms from ectoderm?
A. Cementum
B. Dentin
C. Enamel
D. Pulp
C. Enamel
Rationale: enamel (C) forms from ectoderm. The cementum (A), Dentin (B), and Pulp (D) develop from ectomesenchyme cells.