The Fur Trade Mix-Up
Which culturally distinct group formed from marriages between European traders and First Nations women?
metis
Who transported furs by paddling and portaging across long river routes?
Voyageurs
What did fur traders use for transportation in summer?
Canoes
What term describes groups working together toward a common goal?
Cooperation
What happened in 1870 that marked the political end of the fur trade era?
The sale of Rupert’s Land to Canada
What phase (1603–1670) included the French–Haudenosaunee War due to selective alliances?
Phase 2 - Expansion Inland
Which First Nations groups were involved in the earliest fur trade on the East Coast?
Mi’kmaq and Stadaconans
What type of shelters—such as wigwams or teepees—were used during travel?
Wigwams or Teepees
What term describes competition between groups that can lead to violence?
Conflict
In which phase did the French first create permanent settlements in New France?
Phase 2 – Expansion Inland
What company was given a monopoly over Rupert’s Land in 1670?
HBC
Who were the independent French traders who illegally travelled inland to get furs?
Coureurs de bois
What items did Europeans trade that changed First Nations daily life?
Metal goods (knives, tools, pots)
What rivalry developed into intense economic competition across multiple phases?
The rivalry between the French and the British
What phase followed the merger of the HBC and NWC and saw the fur trade decline?
Phase 5 – Monopoly in the West
What food became essential because it didn’t spoil on long journeys?
Which two companies competed intensely from 1760–1821?
HBC and NWC
What winter method of transportation did traders use to move goods?
Toboggans
What war resulted from the French forming partnerships with some First Nations but not others?
The French–Haudenosaunee War
What culturally blended group supplied pemmican and worked as guides/interpreters?
The Métis
What geographic area became a key location for shipping furs to Europe?
St. Lawrence River
Who acted as middlemen in Phase 3, transporting furs between First Nations and forts?
The Cree and Nakoda
What river was vital because it provided access to load and unload fur shipments?
The St. Lawrence River
Which phase saw the rise of rival networks around Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes?
Phase 3 – Rival Networks
Which early phase had no permanent European settlements yet?
Phase 1 – The Early Fur Trade