Questions from 4.1
Define Enzymes and state their importance
Special types of proteins that control rates of reactions. They can do this at normal body temperature.
What is energy and what are the 6 common forms?
What do we need energy for?
The ability to do work, transfer heat or change something. Heat, light, sound, chemical, electrical and mechanical.
Necessary for all metabolic processes
List the three steps of cellular respiration and state which one produces the most ATP? How many?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain; ETC produces 34.
Differences between RNA and DNA
RNA: single stranded, can leave the nucleus, ribose sugar, A-U and G-C
DNA: double stranded, stays in nucleus, deoxyribose, A-T and G-C
What is a mutation and what are the two ways they can form?
Rare distinction in DNA sequence that change how you feel or look. Can form spontaneously which causes an error in the sequence or can be induced which adds an incorrect base.
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism and give an example of each.
Anabolism is when smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules. Catabolism is when larger molecules break down to form smaller ones. Dehydration synthesis is an example of anabolism and hydrolysis is an example of catabolism
Why does cellular respiration have so many steps? What catalyzes these steps? Where are these catalysts found?
To control heat loss; enzymes; in the cytosol and mitochondria
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic reactions
anaerobic does not require oxygen and aerobic requires oxygen
What is the difference between Genes and Genomes
Genes are portion of DNA molecules that contains genetic info for making proteins and Genomes are all the genetic instructions to make proteins.
What is a mutagen? give an example
Anything that causes a mutation; example is UV radiation that can cause cancer
How are substrates and active sites related?
Substrates are the molecules that enzymes connect to, and active sites are where those two actually meet
What makes up ATP and what is its importance?
Adenine, ribose and three phosphates in a chain. It is an energy carrier that can be used by breaking down.
What does pyruvic acid get changed into during anaerobic respiration. Why is this important?
lactic acid so that NAD + is regenerated to keep the cycle going.
What is the difference between DNA Helicase and DNA polymerase
DNA Helicase unzips the DNA and DNA polymerase adds the complementary base pairs
What is DNA damage response?
When there is a wrong nucleotide, this will fix the wrong ones to restore structures.
What is a metabolic pathway?
A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions that lead to synthesis or breakdown of certain biochemicals
Summarize Glycolysis
It is anaerobic; just outside the mitochondria, 6 carbon sugar becomes 2 pyruvic acid. Needs 2 ATP for activation energy; produces 2 NADH; 4 total ATP produced and 2 Net total ATP
At the end of cellular respiration what has been released?
6 carbon dioxide and 12 waters
What is the difference between Transcription and Translation?
Transcription creates the RNA sequence by copying the DNA sequence and Translation is the synthesis of proteins with the use of mRNA to code the amino acids and the tRNA to bring the amino acids to the ribosomes which forms amino acid chains and eventually a functional protein once shaped.
What is the difference between mutation in embryonic stem cell and adult stem cell?
What does it mean to denature a protein, and what happens to the protein when that happens. List 6 things that can denature a protein.
Summarize Electron Transport Chain
aerobic; in the mitochondria; 10 NAD produced; 2 FAD produced; 10 NAD produces 30 ATP; 2 FAD produces 4 ATP. 12 waters formed.
Summarize the Krebs Cycle
aerobic; in the mitochondria the innerfolds; 3 carbon sugar becomes 3 CO2; 8 NADH produced 2 FADH2 produced, 2 ATP produced, 6 total CO2, 2 totals turns
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
mRNA carries the codes for DNA for making proteins, tRNA lines up the amino acids and rRNA makes ribosomes.
What causes an inborn error of metabolism and what are the affects of this?
Blockage of an enzyme due to a mutation. When this happens biochemicals that the enzyme usually acts on build up and biochemicals that the enzyme usually produce become scarce