Infective Endocarditis
What is it? and what do you treat it with?
disease of the innermost layer of the heart and valves, has a poor life expectancy
treat with antibiotics
*what is it?
inflammation of pericardial sac often with fluid accumulation
*what is aortic regurgitation?
incomplete closure of the valve leaflets- leading to backward flow of blood into the aorta and left ventricle (resulting in volume overload)
describe S3 heart sound
heard immediately after S2 in children and young adults, or HF pts
What is it caused by?
IV drug use, rheumatic fever, pacemakers, and prosthetic valves
*hallmark finding with this?
pericardial friction rub
*what is mitral valve stenosis? symptoms?
*scarring of valve results in decreased blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle
symptoms- loud S1, diastolic murmur, a-fib with risk of stroke
describe S4
heard immeidately before S1 in pts with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and aoritc stenosis
symptoms present as...
flu like symptoms
*complication of acute pericarditis?
cardiac tamponade
how to distinguish acute VS chronic mitral valve regurgitation?
Acute: thready peripheral pulses, cool clammy extremities
chronic: audible S3 and can hear a murmur
*What is aortic valve stenosis?
either found in childhood or adulthood from rheumatic fever, decreased CO so decreased tissue perfusion, can have a poor prognosis, prominent S4
what sticks to valves and the endocardium and can break off into circulation?
vegetation
*What is cardiac tamponade?
develops as pericardial effusion volume increases and compresses heart, speed of fluid accumulation effects severity of clinical signs
will see: chest pain, anxious, confused, decreased CO, tachypnea, tachycardia, JVD, and pulsus paradoxus (large decrease in systolic BP during inspiration)
*what is biologic valve replacement?
biologic: bovine, porcine, and human, more natural flow, no anticoagulant required, and less durable
*what are the vascular signs?
splinter hemorrhages, petechie, oslers nodes, janeways lesions, and a systolic murmur
treat acute pericarditis with?
antibiotics, NSAIDS, corticosteroids, colchicine, and aspirin
*what is mechanical valve replacement?
mechanical: more durable, last longer, risk of thromboembolism, requires long term anticoagulation