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100

What are the functions of the integumentary system

  • Protection: 
  • Regulation
  • Sensation: 
  • Vitamin D Synthesis
  • Excretion
100

Define Meissner’s corpuscles

specialized mechanoreceptors located in the papillary layer of the dermis, responsible for sensitivity to light touch

100

What are the glands in skin? What do each of these glands produce? Where are they located?

  • Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum (oil) to lubricate skin and hair; located near hair follicles.
  • Sweat Glands:
    • Eccrine Glands: Produce sweat for temperature regulation; found all over the body.
    • Apocrine Glands: Produce a thicker sweat; found in specific areas (armpits, groin)
100

What is a melanoma? How do we diagnose it?

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes. Diagnosis typically involves examining the skin for unusual moles or changes in existing moles using the ABCDE criteria (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving)

200

The major layers of the integument are the epidermis and the dermis. What type of tissue make up each of these layers?

  • Epidermis: Made up of stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized).
  • Dermis: Comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
200

What are epidermal ridges

Epidermal ridges are the raised patterns on the skin's surface (like fingerprints) that increase friction and enhance grip, created by the underlying dermal papillae.

200

What is the structure of nails? How do nails grow?

Nails consist of a hard keratinized plate (nail body), nail bed (underneath), and nail matrix (growth area). Nails grow from the matrix as new cells are produced.

200

What is the benefit of the skin being multi-layered?

  • Protection

  • Barrier Function

  • Sensory Function

  • Regenerative Capacity

  • Thermoregulation

  • Immune Defense

  • Structural Integrity.

300

What are the four cell types that make up the epidermis? What is the function of these cells?

  • Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, providing strength and waterproofing.
  • Melanocytes: Produce melanin, contributing to skin color and UV protection.
  • Langerhans Cells: Function as immune cells, helping to identify pathogens.
  • Merkel Cells: Associated with sensory nerve endings for touch perception.
300

What are the colors / pigments of skin? What in skin determines color? How can we use this knowledge clinically?

  • Melanin: Brown/black pigment produced by melanocytes.
  • Carotene: Yellow/orange pigment found in certain foods.
  • Hemoglobin: Red pigment in blood that affects skin tone
300

What is the difference between thin and thick skin?

  • Thin Skin: Has a thinner epidermis; covers most of the body and lacks a stratum lucidum.
  • Thick Skin: Has a thicker epidermis (contains all five layers); found on palms and soles of feet for increased protection.
300

Explain why skin cancer is so common (relate to external environment and the skin cells/tissue type)

1. Exposure to UV Radiation

2. High Rate of Cell Turnover

3. Skin Cell Type Vulnerability

  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes

4. Environmental Factors

  • Geographical
  • skin type

5. Cumulative Damage

6. Lifestyle Factors
7. Ageand Immune Function

400

What are the layers of the epidermis? What happens at each of these layers?

  • Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer; dead, keratinized cells that provide a barrier.
  • Stratum Lucidum: Only present in thick skin; provides an additional barrier.
  • Stratum Granulosum: Cells begin to die and accumulate keratin and lipids, waterproofing the skin.
  • Stratum Spinosum: Provides strength and flexibility; contains Langerhans cells.
  • Stratum Basale: Bottom layer; contains actively dividing keratinocytes and melanocytes.
400

What are the accessory structures of skin

  • Hair: Provides protection and sensory functions.
  • Nails: Protect the tips of fingers and toes.
  • Glands: Includes sweat glands (for temperature regulation) and sebaceous glands (for lubrication)
400

Define fibrosis

Fibrosis is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, often as a result of injury or inflammation, leading to loss of normal tissue function

500

What are the two regions of the dermis? What happens in each of the regions?

  • Papillary Layer: Upper layer with loose connective tissue; contains Meissner’s corpuscles for touch and supports the epidermis.
  • Reticular Layer: Deeper layer made of dense irregular connective tissue; contains blood vessels, glands, and larger nerve endings.
500

What is the structure of hair? What is the function of hair? How does hair grow?

Hair consists of a hair shaft (visible part), hair root (embedded in the skin), and hair follicle (surrounds the root). Hair grows in cycles, with growth phases (anagen, catagen, telogen) influenced by hormones and genetics.

500

What are the different types of burns

  • First-Degree Burns: Affect only the epidermis; characterized by redness and pain (e.g., sunburn).
  • Second-Degree Burns: Affect the epidermis and part of the dermis; characterized by blisters and pain.
  • Third-Degree Burns: Affect all layers of skin; characterized by white, charred skin and loss of sensation.
  • Fourth-Degree Burns: Extend beyond the skin into underlying tissues, such as muscle and bone.